Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 28
A POEM FOR
UGARIT
A terracotta tablet
containing the poem
" Ritual of National Unity "
O
f the thousands of texts from Ugarit, none shows the
DQFLHQW 6\ULDQ FLW\¶V YLEUDQW FRVPRSROLWDQLVP DQG FLYLF
VSLULW OLNH WKH SRHP PRGHUQ WUDQVODWRUV KDYH FDOOHG ³5LWXDO
fh h d f
f U
h h
RI 1DWLRQDO 8QLW\´ 7KH WH[WħIUDJPHQWV RI ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ IRXQG
inscribed in baked clay tablets using Ugarit's own alphabetic script
LQ VL[ GLɱHUHQW SDUWV RI WKH FLW\ VXJJHVWLQJ LW ZDV ZLGHO\ NQRZQħ
LQFOXGHV VSHFL¿F UHIHUHQFHV WR QDWLRQV WKDW WUDGHG ZLWK 8JDULW DQG
whose citizens lived in the city. It decries slights against these forĥ
eigners and against the city's most marginalized citizens.
The poem begins with an appeal to the " rectitude of the son
RI 8JDULW´ħRU GDXJKWHU LQ VRPH YHUVLRQV ,W WKHQ FDOOV IRU ³WKH
ZHOOĥEHLQJ RI WKH IRUHLJQHU«EH LW DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VWDWHPHQW RI WKH
Hittite / Be it according to the statement of the Alashian. " Hittites
and Alashians were Mediterranean peoples who traded with Ugarit
and are known from other texts to have had migrant communities
LQ WKH FLW\ 6LPLODU VKRXWĥRXWV IROORZ IRU RWKHU JURXSV VRPH REVFXUH
WRGD\ 7KH SRHP WKHQ SD\V KRPDJH WR ³\RXU RSSUHVVHG RQHV ĬDQGĭ«
\RXU LPSRYHULVKHG RQHV´ DQG VRPH YHUVLRQV FDOO IRU ³WKH ZHOOĥEHLQJ
RI WKH ZRPDQ´ 6FKRODUV KDYH LQWHUSUHWHG WKRVH OLQHV DV DQ H[SUHVĥ
sion of consciousness of class and gender rarely documented so
clearly in ancient texts. The poem also includes what appear to be
stage directions. " Here is the donkey! " it says, perhaps a prompt for
someone to lead a donkey into view. The work was obviously meant
WR EH SHUIRUPHG VD\V 3KLOLS %R\HV RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DPEULGJH
(YLGHQFH IURP RWKHU WDEOHWV IRXQG LQ WKH FLW\ SRLQWV WR VXVSLFLRQ
RI IRUHLJQHUV DQG ³5LWXDO RI 1DWLRQDO 8QLW\´ PLJKW KDYH EHHQ OHVV
D FHOHEUDWLRQ RI GLYHUVLW\ WKDQ D UHÀHFWLRQ RI D EHOLHI WKDW PLVWUHDWĥ
PHQW RI IRUHLJQHUV DQG WKH SRRU FRXOG EULQJ EDG FRQVHTXHQFHV ³,W
shows social consciousness, " says Andrew Burlingame, a professor
RI +HEUHZ DW :KHDWRQ &ROOHJH EXW DOVR D EHOLHI WKDW ³PLVWUHDWPHQW
of an individual or group of nonlocal origin could interfere with the
IDYRU RI WKH FLW\¶V JRGV´ħR.A.
28
¿QHU\ %\ FRPELQLQJ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ JDWKHUHG IURP
nearly a century of archaeological research with that
from the more than 5,000 tablets that have been
excavated, translated, and published thus far, scholĥ
ars have been able to reconstruct Ugarit's history
of Bronze Age mercantilism and power politics in
close detail. People arriving by sea passed through a
monumental gatehouse into the city and soon saw the
city's royal complex, spread out over more than two
acres. A temple to Ugarit's patron deity, Baal, towered
150 feet over the city, and may have also been used
as a lighthouse. Inside the temple, priests ran their
¿QJHUV RYHU LYRU\ UHSOLFDV RI FRZ OLYHUV LQVFULEHG ZLWK
incantations, hoping to read the future. Almost to
the end, the city's residents remained fascinated with
(J\SW $ WDEOHW GDWLQJ WR DURXQG 1210 B.C. records
that the king of Ugarit asked the pharaoh Mernepĥ
WDK ĪU FD 1213Ħ1203 B.Cī WR VHQG KLV DUWLVWV WR FKLVHO
DQ LPDJH RI WKH (J\SWLDQ UXOHU LQ VWRQH &HUWDLQO\
UHSOLHG 0HUQHSWDK ³DV VRRQ DV WKH\ ¿QLVK«IXO¿OOLQJ
WKHLU GXW\ WR WKH JUHDW JRGV RI (J\SW´ E\ ZKLFK KH
meant working on his own monuments. Ugarit's upper
echelons thought nothing of dividing their loyalties
EHWZHHQ (J\SW WKHLU FXOWXUDO ORGHVWDU DQG WKH +LWĥ
WLWH (PSLUH WR ZKLFK WKH\ RZHG SROLWLFDO DOOHJLDQFH
Outside the royal precincts, the city was a warren
of streets and alleys, some barely three feet wide, with
multistory apartment blocks where neighbors shared
FRPPRQ ROLYHĥRLO SUHVVHV DQG WH[WLOHĥZHDYLQJ HTXLSPHQW
Bards recited epic poems as popular entertainment.
Ī6HH ³$ 3RHP IRU 8JDULW´ WKLV SDJHī /RFDO FUDIWVSHRSOH
PDGH LPLWDWLRQ 0\FHQDHDQ DQG (J\SWLDQ SRWWHU\ IRU WKH
masses, while the upper class had the real thing.
3HUKDSV VXUSULVLQJO\ IRU VXFK D ZHOOĥFRQQHFWHG ¿JXUH
8UWHQX OLYHG LQ RQH RI WKHVH RXWĥRIĥWKHĥZD\ QHLJKERUĥ
KRRGV 7KH )UHQFK DQG 6\ULDQ DUFKDHRORJLVWV ZKR KDYH
excavated his house since 1986 have found that it was
FRQVWUXFWHG ZLWK FREEOHVWRQHV LQVWHDG RI KLJKHUĥFODVV
DVKODU PDVRQU\ DOWKRXJK LW GLG KDYH DQ DVKODU ÀRRU
" Had there been no tablets, the archaeologists would
KDYH VDLG WKLV LV D PHGLRFUH KRXVH´ VD\V 5REHUW +DZOH\
ZKR WHDFKHV 8JDULWLF VWXGLHV DW WKH 3UDFWLFDO 6FKRRO RI
+LJKHU 6WXGLHV LQ 3DULV 6FKRODUV KDYH SX]]OHG RYHU ZK\
VXFK DQ RUGLQDU\ GZHOOLQJ ZDV WKH VLWH RI VR PXFK RɷFLDO
correspondence. The answer may be that the distinction
EHWZHHQ SULYDWH DQG RɷFLDO DFWLYLWLHV ZDV EOXUU\ DQG
WKDW 8UWHQX¶V WUDGLQJ ¿UP ZDV RYHUVHHQ DW OHDVW QRPLĥ
QDOO\ E\ TXHHQ 7KDUL\HOOL¶V VRQĥLQĥODZ 6KLSWLĥ%DDO ZKR
ZDV D ZHDOWK\ PHUFKDQW Ī6HH ³:RPHQ LQ 8JDULW´ SDJH
27.ī 7DEOHW VWRUHV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG LQ IRXU RWKHU SULYDWH
homes, all dating from roughly the same period, around
1200 B.C OHDGLQJ 5RFKHĥ+DZOH\ RI &156 WR WKHRUL]H
that unsteady or untested leadership at the palace might
KDYH OHG FRXUWLHUV WR VWHHU RɷFLDO EXVLQHVV WR GRPHVWLF
spaces. " It's a period of transition at the end of the thirĥ
teenth century when the king dies and we have a new
ARCHAEOLOGY * July/August 2021
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021
Editor’s letter
From the president
Letters
Digs & Discoveries
Off the grid
Around the world
The ugaritarchives
Rise of the kings of tonga
Autobiography of a Maya ambassador
Pompeii’s urban oasis
Rediscovering archaic America
The cold winds of war
Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover2
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 1
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 2
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 3
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Editor’s letter
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 5
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - From the president
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 7
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Letters
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Digs & Discoveries
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 10
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 11
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 12
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 13
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 14
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 15
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 16
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 17
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 18
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 19
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Off the grid
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 21
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Around the world
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 23
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - The ugaritarchives
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 25
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 26
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 27
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 28
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 29
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 30
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 31
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Rise of the kings of tonga
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 33
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 34
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 35
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 36
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 37
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Autobiography of a Maya ambassador
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 39
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 40
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 41
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 42
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 43
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Pompeii’s urban oasis
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 45
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 46
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 47
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Rediscovering archaic America
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 49
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 50
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 51
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 52
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 53
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 54
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - The cold winds of war
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 56
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 57
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 58
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 59
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 60
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 61
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 62
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 63
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 64
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 65
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 66
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - 67
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Artifact
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover3
Archaeology Magazine - July/August 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20241112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20240910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20240708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20240506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20240304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20240102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20231112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20230910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20230708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20230506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20230304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20230102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20221112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20220910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20220708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20220506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20220304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20220102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20211112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20210910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20210708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20210506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20210304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20210102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20201112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20200910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20200708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20200506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20200304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20200102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20191112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20190910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20190708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20190506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20190304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20190102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20181112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20180910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20180708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20180506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20180304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20180102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20171112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20170910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20170708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20170506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20170304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20170102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20161112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20160910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20160708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20160506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20160304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20160102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20151112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20150910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20150708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20150506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20150304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20150102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20141112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20140910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20140708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20140506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20140304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20140102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20131112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20130910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20130708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20130506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20130304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20130102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20121112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20120910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20120708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20120506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20120304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20120102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/egypt_201111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20111112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20110910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20110708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20110506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20110304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20110102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20101112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20100910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20100708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20100506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20100304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20100102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20091112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20091002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20090910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20090708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20090506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20090304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20081112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20080910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20080708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20080506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20080304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20080102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20071112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20070910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20070802
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20070708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20070506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20070304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20061112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20060910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20060708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20060506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20060304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20060102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20051112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20050910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20050708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20050602
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20050506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20050304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20041112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20040910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20040708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20040506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20040304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20040102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20031112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20030910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20030708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20030506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20030402
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20030304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20021112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20020910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20020708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20020506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20020304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20020102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20011112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20010910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20010708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20010506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20010304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20010201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20001112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20000910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20000708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20000506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20000304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20000102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19991112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19990910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19990708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19990506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19990304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19990102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19981112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19980910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19980708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19980506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19980304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19980102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19971112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19970910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19970708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19970506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19970304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19970102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19961112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19960910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19960708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19960506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19960304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19960102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19951112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19950910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19950708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19950506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19950304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19950102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19941112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19940910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19940708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19940506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19940304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19940102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19931112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19930910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19930708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19930506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19930304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19930102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19921112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19920910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19920708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19920506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19920304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19920102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19911112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19910910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19910708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19910506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19910304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19910102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19901112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19900910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19900708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19900506
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19900304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19900102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19891101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19890901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19890701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19890501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19890301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19881101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19880901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19880701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19880301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19880101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19871101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19870901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19870701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19870301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19870101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19861101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19860901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19860701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19860501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19860301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19860101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19851101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19850901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19850701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19850501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19850301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19850101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19841101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19840901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19840701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19840501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19840301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19840101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19831101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19830901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19830701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19830501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19830301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19830101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19821101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19820901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19820701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19820501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19820301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19820101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19811101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19810901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19810701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19810501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19810301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19810101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19801101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19800901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19800701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19800501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19800301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19800101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19791101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19790901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19790701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19790501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19790301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19790101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19781101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19780901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19780701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19780501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19780301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19780101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19771101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19770901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19770701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19770501
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19770301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19770101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19761001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19760701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19760401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19760101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19751001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19750701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19750401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19750101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19741001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19740701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19740401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19740101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19731001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19730701
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19730401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19730101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19721001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19720601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19720401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19720101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19711001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19710601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19710401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19710101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19701001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19700601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19700401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19700101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19691001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19690601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19690401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19690101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19681001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19680601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19680401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19680101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19671001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19670601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19670401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19670101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19661001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19660601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19660401
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19660101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19651201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19650901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19650601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19650301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19641201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19640901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19640601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19640301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19631201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19630901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19630601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19630301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19621201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19620901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19620601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19620301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19611201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19610901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19610601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19610301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19601201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19600901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19600601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19600301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19591201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19590901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19590601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19590301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19581201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19580901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19580601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19580301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19571201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19570901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19570601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19570301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19561201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19560901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19560601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19560301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19551201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19550901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19550601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19550301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19541201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19540901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19540601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19540301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19531201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19530901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19530601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19530301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19521201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19520901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19520601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19520301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19511201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19510901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19510601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19510301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19501201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19500901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19500601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19500301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19491201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19490901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19490601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19490301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19481201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19480901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19480601
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/19480301
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com