ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 26

TECHNICAL FEATURE

Displacement Power Factor Correction

Additional Electric Power
Capacity Without
On-Site Generation
BY BASS ABUSHAKRA, PH.D., MEMBER ASHRAE

To reap potential beneﬁts from improving the electrical load power factor (PF) at
one of the main substations in a New York college campus by installing power factor
correction, the operating PF values at the existing facility were read along with checking the utility bills. The utility company serving the campus does not charge for
apparent power (kVA), nor does it charge a PF penalty. The college is charged for real
power (kW) and energy (kWh), so there is no direct monetary beneﬁt (cost saving) from
increasing the displacement PF. However, a power factor analysis and its correction
show that the campus could beneﬁt from releasing extra system power capacity (kW) if
the displacement PF is increased and the same kVA is maintained, as shown below.
Power Factor Basics

This article discusses power factor basics. In ac motors,
which present inductive loads, the magnetic ﬁeld goes
in and out of the iron core as the polarity of the voltage
varies from positive to negative. The iron core resists the
changing magnetic ﬁeld, which results in the current (I )
lagging behind the voltage (V ). The current and voltage
in inductive loads will be, as a result, displaced by a positive phase angle (φ) since the voltage is taken as a reference. In capacitive loads, the current leads the voltage.
Therefore, the current and the voltage in this case will
be displaced by a negative phase angle (φ) since again

the voltage is taken as a reference. In resistive loads the
current and the voltage are in phase, with phase angle φ
= 0°. Figure 1 shows the motor current, voltage, and phase
angle conﬁguration.
The power of a resistive load is the product of voltage and current. The voltage and current of an inductive load are out of phase, so that some of the resulting
power becomes reactive power, Q (kVAR), and only a
portion of the apparent power, S (kVA), becomes real
power, P (kW). Figure 2 shows the right triangle that
can model the relationship among the apparent, reactive and real power absent any harmonic content. The

Bass Abushakra, Ph.D., is energy manager at the United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y.
26

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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - October 2019

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 4
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - HR6
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ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - Cover4
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