ASHRAE Journal - October 2019 - 65

COLUMN ENGINEER'S NOTEBOOK

FIGURE 2 Use energy sources and use sectors (in quads).
Solar 0.949

8.44

0.15

Nuclear 8.44
Hydro 2.69
Wind 2.53
Geothermal
0.217

Transport Efﬁciency

0.61
2.67
2.53

Net Electricity Imports 0.05
Electricity 12.9
Generation
38.2

25.3
5.0

0.22
0.04

5.15
0.02 0.1
3.61
0.02
10.4 0.01

11.0

Natural

Gas 31
End uses are typically not co12.1
located with energy sources, source
Coal
13.3
energy processing, nor source
0.5
Biomass
5.13
energy conversion facilities. Because
0.24
Petroleum
of these spatial discontinuities,
36.9
energy transport is almost always a
requirement for source utilization.
Some forms of energy transport more easily than others,
both in terms of energy required for transport, and in
terms of capitalization for the transport infrastructure.
While electricity is considered the most easily transportable form of energy, that is not always the case. In
an evaluation of future energy solutions for a Middle

1.2

0.52 0.96
0.15 0.85
0.03
2.55

4.7

Residential
11.9
Commercial
9.45

3.25

4.16
7.72
3.31

Rejected
Energy
68.5

6.14

Industrial
26.3

13.4
12.9

8.86

©Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

residential and commercial properties and much of the industrial gas
usage is for generating low-grade
heat that could be offset by capturing that rejected waste energy from
heat engines.

Energy
Services
32.7

0.03

0.87
1.44

26.0

22.4

Transportation
28.3

5.95

Eastern country, distributed cogeneration plants,
co-located with sewage treatment plants and district
thermal plants were suggested. Initially, this approach
was discounted because of a lack of natural gas distribution infrastructure in this region. Local regulations,
however, mandated underground electric transmission

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