ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - 12

TECHNICAL FEATURE

Present State and Future
Of Environmental Control
Systems in Space
BY JOHN CONSTANTINIDE, P.E., MEMBER ASHRAE; HAMIDREZA NAJAFI, PH.D., ASSOCIATE MEMBER ASHRAE

Space is becoming the next medium for business opportunities, advancements in
technologies and exploration for inhabiting planets, moons and areas outside our
planet. Companies are developing systems that would permit short-term and, eventually, long-term human inhabitation of the moon, Mars and other extraterrestrial
bodies; start-up firms are focusing on capsules and rockets for human spaceflight.1,2,3
With regulations relating to space launch and travel established and continually being
reviewed in numerous countries,4,5 ASHRAE has an opportunity to propose standards,
guidelines and codes relating to the indoor environment of extraterrestrial transport
vessels, waypoint stations and buildings.
Environmental Control Systems: An Outer Space Perspective
The regulation of indoor air environments in extraterrestrial structures will need to be adjusted because the
exterior environment of deep space is a near vacuum,
with temperature extremes ranging from approximately −200°F to 200°F (approximately −129°C to 93°C).6
Objects in space are ubiquitous, varying in size from frozen gas or liquid droplets to meteors and asteroids, and
these objects travel in a wide range of directions and at
various speeds. Space objects traveling at high velocities
relative to travel vessels in deep space may potentially
damage thermal management machinery and accompanying accessories exposed to space.
The vacuum condition in outer space limits the

options for heat rejection mechanisms to thermal radiation and the lack of gravity significantly, which affects
how to effectively cool and heat the spacecraft's interior
environment. Due to the lack of resources and limited
ability to send more supplies, reuse of air and water in
deep space structures is vital. HVAC technologies used
in Earth applications will need to be modified to accommodate deep space.
Similarly, environmental control equipment for
planetary environments would vary planet by planet.
Atmospheric conditions and gravity of planets differ
from the outdoor environments on Earth, resulting in
varying compositions of gases and radiation and differing temperature ranges. Depending on the planet,

John Constantinide, P.E., is a Florida-licensed mechanical engineer in Merritt Island, Fla., with over 10 years working on U.S. Eastern Range projects. Hamidreza Najafi, Ph.D., is an
assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Fla.
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ASHRAE Journal - July 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - July 2020

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - 3
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ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - July 2020 - Cover4
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