ASHRAE Journal - April 2024 - 30

TECHNICAL FEATURE
FIGURE 1 a) Wall section in Scenario 1, b) wall section in Scenario 2.
B
A
Plaster
Insulation
Indoor
Outdoor
Indoor
Plaster
Insulation
Outdoor
Bricks
TABLE 2 Types of wall used in North America.
LAYER MATERIAL
THICKNESS (in.)
EXTERIOR WALL TYPE 1
Cedar Wood Planks
Air Gap
Plywood
Insulation
Vapor Barrier
Plasterboard & Skim
Facing Brick
Air Gap
Insulation
Concrete Block
Plaster
0.59
0.79
0.35
6
0.04
0.5
EXTERIOR WALL TYPE 3
3
2
3
6
0.55
TABLE 3 Thickness, heat transfer coefficient and density values of building
components for two different wall types.
TYPE OF
MATERIAL
THICKNESS
(mm)
Internal
Plaster
Brick
Scenario 1
(Wall)
Insulation
material
(XPS)
Brick
Exterior
Plaster
TYPE OF
MATERIAL
Internal
Plaster
Brick
Scenario 2
(Wall)
Insulation
(XPS)
Exterior
Plaster
30
20
240
20
40
60
80
240
20
THICKNESS
(mm)
20
240
20
40
60
80
20
HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT (W/m· K)
0.35
0.5
0.035
0.5
0.35
HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT (W/m· K)
0.35
0.5
0.035
0.35
ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.org A P R I L 2024
Bricks
walls of these buildings (Figure 1). In Scenario 1, the
wall consists of internal plaster, brick, insulation, brick
and exterior plaster. In Scenario 2, the wall consists of
interior plaster, brick, insulation and exterior plaster.
Figure 1 shows the wall structures generally used in
LAYER MATERIAL
Facing Brick
Air Gap
Gypsum Sheathing
Insulation
Gypsum Wall Board
Granite Panel
Air Gap
Insulation
Cast Concrete
THICKNESS (in.)
EXTERIOR WALL TYPE 2
3.625
1.875
0.625
6
0.625
EXTERIOR WALL TYPE 2
1.5
1.9
2.7
5.9
Turkey. Table 2 shows some wall structures used in North
America.20 The thickness, heat transfer coefficient and
density values of the wall components illustrated in
Figure 1 are shown in Table 3.
The basic equations of heat transfer were used to
calculate condensation for the two different wall
models seen in Figure 1.21-22 Moreover, calculations were
conducted in Microsoft Excel to avoid errors in obtaining
theoretical results. These equations and discussion can
be found online at https://tinyurl.com/JournalExtras.
DENSITY
(kg/m3)
25
7.5
65
7.5
25
DENSITY
(kg/m3)
25
7.5
65
25
Results and Discussion
Figure 2 shows the surface temperatures of building
components at insulation thicknesses of 2 cm, 4 cm,
6 cm and 8 cm (0.8 in., 1.6 in., 2.4 in. and 3.2 in.)
applied between two bricks for four different heat zones
in Turkey (Scenario 1).
As seen in Figure 2, the inclination of the temperature
drop in the building components in a heated building
wall increases after the brick on the interior layer. The
inclination of the temperature drop varies depending
on the heat zones and the thickness of the insulation.
It is observed that the temperature drops to 0°C (32°F)
between the surfaces of the second brick and the
exterior plaster on the wall in Zone 4, with 2 cm (0.8 in.)
thick insulation, which has the worst conditions in terms
of condensation and heat insulation. Moreover, the
temperature drops to -4°C (25°F) in the middle of the
exterior plaster. This signifies undesirable conditions in
terms of thermal insulation and condensation.
Figure 3 illustrates the temperatures on the surfaces of
building components at insulation thicknesses of 2 cm,
4 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm (0.8 in., 1.6 in., 2.4 in. and 3.2 in.)
applied outside of the brick for four different heat zones
in Turkey (Scenario 2).
As seen in Figure 3, the inclinations of the curves
indicating temperature drop in the wall with insulation
applied outside of the brick are lower than those for
insulation between bricks. This shows that insulation
applied outside of the brick is more advantageous
in terms of thermal insulation and condensation. In
Figure 2, for the wall in Zone 4 with insulation 2 cm
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ASHRAE Journal - April 2024

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