ASHRAE Journal - February 2024 - 46

TECHNICAL FEATURE
by about 15% compared to CSP based on the same
design capacity.
Given the need to secure a reserve of N + 1 or more
equipment for data center reliability, the most effective
strategy for reducing cooling energy without major
facility changes and investments is an HSP-based
cooling system with variable operation. As a result, it is
already being incorporated into practical data center
designs, and its applicability is expected to expand
significantly in the future.
References
1. TIA. 2017. " ANSI/TIA-942-2017-Telecommunications
Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers. " Telecommunications
Industry Association.
2. Turner W.P., J.H., Seader, K.G Brill. 2008. " Tier classifications
define site infrastructure performance. " White paper. Uptime
Institute.
3. Nadjahi, C., H. Louahlia, S. Lemasson. 2018. " A review of
thermal management and innovative cooling strategies for data
center. " Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 19:14 - 28.
4. ASHRAE. 2009. Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment
Centers, 2nd Edition. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
5. Ma, X., B. Liu, L. Yang, R. Peng, X. Zhang. 2020. " Reliability
analysis and condition-based maintenance optimization for a
warm standby cooling system. " Reliability Engineering & System Safety
193:106588.
6. Matthew, D., W. Bill. 2017. " Duty and standby arrangements for
VRF and DX cooling systems. " Technical paper. ICE Publishing.
7. Olszewski, P. 2022. " Experimental analysis of ON/OFF and
variable speed drive controlled industrial chiller towards energy
efficient operation. " Applied Energy 309:118440.
8. Qureshi, T.Q., S.A. Tassou. 1996. " Variable-speed capacity
control in refrigeration systems. " Applied Thermal Engineering
16(2):103 - 113.
9. Al-Badri, A.R., A.H. Al-Hassani. 2020. " A control method using
adaptive setting of electronic expansion valve for water chiller
systems equipped with variable speed compressors. " International
Journal of Refrigeration. 119:102 - 109.
10. Chang, C.C., S.S. Shieh, S.S. Jang, C.W. Wu, Y. Tsou. 2015.
" Energy conservation improvement and ON-OFF switch times
reduction for an existing VFD-fan-based cooling tower. " Applied
Energy 154:491-499.
11. AFCOM. 2021. " The 2021 State of the Data Center Report: A Look
at the Evolution of Our Industry, 5th Edition. " The Association for
Computer Operations Management.
12. ASHRAE. 2013. PUETM: A Comprehensive Examination of the Metric.
Atlanta: ASHRAE.
13. Cho, J., B. Park, S. Jang. 2022. " Development of an independent
modular air containment system for high-density data centers:
Experimental investigation of row-based cooling performance and
PUE. " Energy. 258:124787.
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