ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 40

TECHNICAL FEATURE
TABLE 2 Geologic and technical suitability assumptions.
CLOSED LOOP
DEFAULT DEPTH
GEOLOGIC SUITABILITY ASSUMPTIONS
TECHNICAL SUITABILITY ASSUMPTIONS
500 ft, deeper depths require obtaining
NYSDEC mining permit per N.Y. State
regulations.
Suitable everywhere, can be installed in
both bedrock and unconsolidated geologic
deposits.
Loop depths and associated thermal
capacity are reduced where a protected
groundwater aquifer exists and is shallower
than 500 ft deep.
promulgating rules to require that any boring, drilling
or excavation to various depths must be reported to the
agency.
Economic analysis included a comparison between
installation of a geothermal system and installation of
an energy-code compliant, high-efficiency, centralized
system. However, both system types may be beyond the
financial capacity of some building owners. With incentives
in place to support the installation of geothermal
systems, a full economic analysis should be completed in
advance of any decision.
Other geothermal implementation considerations
might include preserving building aesthetics or making
a statement for clean energy, such as at a civic institution.
As such, the final tool presents the user with
technical and geological feasibility in addition to economic
viability and provides the end user with an initial
understanding of the option of pursuing a geothermal
solution. The geothermal systems perform all heat rejection
and absorption within the ground and use minimal
building square footage, which is appealing to buildings
that suffer from the constraints mentioned above.
Mechanical Systems
As previously noted, conventional mechanical systems
were assumed to be energy-code-compliant, high-efficiency,
centralized systems. Although existing buildings
may not currently have a centralized system (i.e., have
window units or no air conditioning at all), the only way
to justify the economic cost of installing a geothermal
system was to compare it with a full renovation of the
HVAC system in the building. For the 25 building types
in the New York City model, three conventional cooling
systems and four conventional heating systems were
analyzed and applied to the appropriate buildings. A list
of the 25 building types is contained in Table 3.
40
ASHRAE JOURNAL ashrae.o rg
A U G UST 2022
STANDING COLUMN WELL
1,500 ft, standard SCW depth in NYC. This
uses groundwater within a shroud.
Suitable where DTB is less than 150 ft
since optimum conditions are installation
in bedrock.
SCWs are potentially costly where DTB is
between 100 ft and 150 ft. Suitable where
DTW is less than 100 ft.
OPEN LOOP
Depth is variable depending on
geologic conditions.
Lot overlies a sand and gravel aquifer
(not bedrock).
Suitable where: 1) DTW is less than
100 ft, 2) lot is sufficiently large to
space out supply and diffusion wells
and 3) there is sufficient outdoor area
to install wells.
For cooling, a cooling tower and heat pump system was
the most comparable technology to a geothermal system,
and that is what was used for the large multifamily
buildings. Similarly, for commercial buildings, the conventional
system was assumed to be a cooling tower with
packaged AC units. Although buildings normally have a
chiller to perform cooling in the summer, packaged AC
units were used for ease of comparison with geothermal
heat pump systems, as the refrigeration cycle is similar
throughout and the relevant piece of equipment is the
cooling tower, which is performing the heat rejection.
The smaller multifamily and single-family buildings and
K-12 schools were the only building types assumed to use
air-cooled packaged units. These units are less efficient
than the water-cooled packaged units, and therefore an
air-cooled kW/ton penalty was attributed to the energy
consumption. Warehouses were assumed to not have
any cooling equipment.
The building type was assumed to be heating hot water
throughout, with the only difference being the type of
boiler used. In Manhattan, commercial buildings that
were taller than seven stories and built before 1980 were
assumed to use district steam and a heat exchanger to
produce heating hot water. In the other boroughs, it
was assumed that a condensing boiler would be used.
Condensing boilers were used for most building types,
except for K-12 schools and warehouses that used standard
boilers. New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA)
buildings were assumed to use steam boilers, as is common
in most NYCHA buildings currently. Note that
because warehouses were considered heated but not
cooled, they were immediately disqualified from the
feasibility study as their heating and cooling balance
would not work. If a geothermal system is geologically
suitable for a lot, a second test is run to determine if it is
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ASHRAE Journal - August 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - August 2022

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 3
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - August 2022 - 10
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