Clean Run - June 2015 - 37

3

* How does anxiety look?
* How does frustration look?
* How does fear look?
Now, how does overarousal look?

GOOD!

CALMNESS

EXCITEMENT

BAD!
WORRY/
CONCERN/
ANXIETY

FEAR
RESPONSE

Understanding animal (and human)
emotions is a growing field in science with a few researchers, including
myself, researching and applying the
evidence to dogs, dog training, and
dog sports. I like to explain emotion
and arousal through my adaptation
of Russell's Dimensional Model. His
dimensional model considers emotion
to be determined by a combination of
two things:
* Arousal level: low or high
* Valence: positive or negative

June 15 | Clean Run

CALM

LOW AROUSAL/DEACTIVATION

4

HIGH AROUSAL/ACTIVATION

AR
E

F

HAPPY

INCREASING AROUSAL!

AROUSAL

ANXIETY

ANXIETY

CALM

POSITIVE VALENCE/PLEASURE

2

HAPPY

© RUSSELL 2003

NEGATIVE VALENCE/DISPLEASURE

Arousal also has specific consequences
on emotion. Your dog's emotion will
change as arousal increases. See Figure 2.

FEARFUL

POSITIVE VALENCE/PLEASURE

Arousal and Emotion
Now to return to the list of the different signs of overarousal. This highlights a big downside of overarousal-
the biggest in my opinion. Why? Well,
ask yourself the following questions:

They can all look exactly the same
as one another! Therefore, dogs that
regularly become overaroused cannot
be distinguished from those that are
exhibiting fear responses, anxiety, or
frustration. This is important because
it means that the development of behaviour problems can go unnoticed
until later in life or, worse, are never
noticed at all.

HIGH AROUSAL/ACTIVATION
NEGATIVE VALENCE/DISPLEASURE

How can we manipulate arousal to
achieve peak learning and performance and avoid overarousal? Next
month, we'll look at just that!

LOW AROUSAL/DEACTIVATION

"Valence" is a term to describe the
nature of the emotion (good or bad)
and is the result of whether the trigger
or stimulus is appetitive (desirable) or
aversive (undesirable). See Figure 3.
This model then allows you to predict
the resulting emotion in certain situations. For example, the combination
of a barking, lunging dog appearing
(an undesirable stimulus/trigger and
negative valence) and increasing
arousal (as a result of anticipation of
excitement, tugging, hyping up, etc.)
may result in fear rather than sadness,

worry, or low level anxiety in the dog.
See Figure 4.
You can begin to imagine how the
environments and situations our sport
dogs are put in mean that it might not
be a good idea for them to be overaroused. Take an agility trial, for example, full of hundreds of desirable and
undesirable triggers that could easily
cause skyrocketing arousal, resulting
in repeated extreme excitement and
extreme fear responses. Have you seen
dogs behave like this in competition?

37



Clean Run - June 2015

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Clean Run - June 2015

Contents
Clean Run - June 2015 - 1
Clean Run - June 2015 - 2
Clean Run - June 2015 - Contents
Clean Run - June 2015 - 4
Clean Run - June 2015 - 5
Clean Run - June 2015 - 6
Clean Run - June 2015 - 7
Clean Run - June 2015 - 8
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