H2Tech Market Data 2023 - 46

* Incentivizing investment in production,
infrastructure, transport and logistics for green H2
* Facilitating material supplies, trading, business
models and performance improvement through
common standards and certifications
* Creating regulatory networks to encourage
innovation and scale-up, setting deployment
targets, mandating quotas in hard to abate sectors,
providing tax credits and creating de-risking
mechanisms to encourage investment at scale
* Supporting technological innovation through
research and development (R&D) to move towards
earth-abundant materials of construction.
SMR of biogas. Biogases can be used as a feedstock for
SMR to produce green H2
. Unlike fossil fuel-derived natural
gas, the biogas input is produced from biomass through
the process of anaerobic decomposition, a naturally
occurring process where bacteria break down biomass
and produce biogas. The resulting green H2
is considered a
renewable carbon-neutral fuel because, although the process
includes carbon, the carbon used is already active in
the earth's carbon cycle. The composition of biogas varies
from 40%-60% methane (CH4
) to 60%-40% CO2, as well
as small amounts of water vapor and other gases.
Despite projected H2
potential from biogas, its utilization
is yet to be fully realized. Some 10-12 biogas-based
fuel cell projects are in the pilot stage in California (U.S.)
and some demonstration stage projects, such as the European
Union's (EU's) funded BIOROBURplus, are under
development to demonstrate the sustainable use of biogas
for decentralized production of bio-based green H2
.
However, this is still a pre-commercial stage project, and
it remains to be seen whether the technology will garner
policy support to commercialize or become viable.
Thermal conversion or gasification of organic matter.
Gasification of biomass (forestry waste, agricultural waste,
organic municipal solid waste or animal waste) works by
applying high heat and/or pressure to organic matter to
transform the material from a solid state to a gaseous state.
The resulting components of the process are mainly H2
carbon monoxide (CO) and CO2, which are further purified
to produce H2 or CH4 that can be used for fuel. Biomass
,
gasification is a mature technology and has the potential
to become a viable pathway for cost-competitive H2
production
pending commercial demonstration.
Other green H2
production processes and technologies
to watch that are under R&D or demonstration stages
include photocatalysis, thermochemical water splitting and
anaerobic digestion.
BLUE H2 TECHNOLOGIES
Blue H2 is produced by SMR, autothermal reforming
(ATR) or gas partial oxidation (POX)-any of the gray
H2
strategies recognize blue H2
production pathways coupled with carbon capture,
utilization and storage (CCUS). Many energy companies
and national H2
as either the
pathway to decarbonize their operations or as a transitional
pathway to bridge the gap until renewable energy-based H2
achieves economy of scale and becomes cost-competitive.
H2
may be easier than delivering green H2
. The
EU's H2 strategy recognizes that, " Other forms of low-carFIG.
4. H2 cost over time based on renewable energy cost projections. Source: IRENA.
bon hydrogen (i.e., blue) are needed, primarily to rapidly
reduce emissions...and support the parallel and future
uptake of renewable (green) hydrogen. "
46
MARKET DATA 2023 | H2
-Tech.com
H2 TECHNOLOGIES
production via electrolysis is equally efficient as
blue H2 production, but the levelized cost of production
of blue H2
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H2Tech Market Data 2023

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