H2Tech - Q1 2021 - 37

SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY
tion events. While a wide variety of opinions exists on H2 ignition probabilities,
there is evidence supporting why these differing opinions might be occurring.20
Experiments have shown that highpressure releases are subject to shock-induced self-ignition and that ignition under
less severe release conditions may occur in
the presence of particulates, such as pipe
scale, or if there is an irregularity in the
release path that creates a shock wave. Ongoing efforts will provide greater clarity to
these issues, which is necessary for objective evaluations of the hazards and risks
associated with moving to widespread usage of H2 as an alternative fuel source.
LITERATURE CITED
1 CCPS, " Guidelines for determining the probability
of ignition of a released flammable mass, " Center
for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, New York, New York, 2013.
2 Jallais, S., " Hydrogen ignition probabilities, " Air
Liquide internal presentation, August 2010.
3 Gummer, J. and S. Hawksworth, " Spontaneous
ignition of hydrogen, " HSE Books, Research Report
RR615, 2008.
4 Dryer, F., M. Chaos, Z. Zhao, J. Stein, J. Alpert and
C. Homer, " Spontaneous ignition of pressurized
releases of hydrogen and natural gas into air, "

Combust. Sci. and Tech., Vol. 179, 2007.
5 Hooker, P., M. Royle, D. Willoughby and J. Udensi,
" Self-ignition of hydrogen by various mechanisms, "
Hazards XXII, Symposium Series No. 156, 2011.
6 Zalosh, R., T. Short, P. Marlin and D. Coughlin,
" Comparative analysis of hydrogen fire and
explosion incidents, Progress Report No. 3, "
for Division of Operational and Environmental
Safety, U.S. Department of Energy, Contract No.
EE-77-C-02-4442, July 1978.
7 Witcofski, R. D., " Dispersion of flammable clouds
resulting from large spills of liquid hydrogen, " NASA
Technical Memorandum 83131, May 1981.
8 Thomas, J. K., C. D. Eastwood and M. L. Goodrich,
" Are unconfined hydrogen vapor cloud explosions
credible? " Process Safety Progress, Vol. 34, Iss. 1, 2015.
9 Health & Safety Laboratory, " IA HYSAFE & JRC
IET Workshop-Research priorities and knowledge
gaps in hydrogen safety, " Online: www.hsl.gov.uk
10 Swain, M. R., P. A. Filoso and M. N. Swain, " An
experimental investigation into the ignition of
leaking hydrogen, " International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, Vol. 32, Iss. 2, 2007.
11 Grune, J., M. Kuznetsov, A. Lelyakin and T. Jordan,
" Spontaneous ignition processes due to highpressure hydrogen release in air, " International
Conference on Hydrogen Safety, 2011.
12 Golub, V. V., D. I. Baklanov, T. V. Bazhenova, M.
V. Bragin, S. V. Golovastav, M. T. Ivanov and V. V.
Volodin, " Shock-induced ignition of hydrogen gas
during accidental or technical opening of highpressure tanks, " J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind., Vol. 20, 2007.
Complete literature cited available online at
H2-Tech.com.

MIKE MOOSEMILLER is a Senior
Principal Consultant at BakerRisk.
He has more than 30 yr of
experience in risk management
consulting to the process industries,
and has authored or coauthored
three books, including Guidelines
for Determining the Probability of Ignition of a
Released Flammable Mass, from the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers. Prior to consulting, he worked
for 7 yr as a commissioning engineer for new refining
projects at UOP. He holds BS and MS degrees in
chemical engineering from Purdue University and
the University of Wisconsin-Madison, respectively.
J. KELLY THOMAS focuses
primarily on the development
and application of empirical,
analytical and numerical models
for the characterization of
flammability and explosion
phenomena. He also actively
participates in the investigation of accidental
industrial explosions, explosion consequence
assessments, and testing. He has led explosion
consequence assessments for refineries, chemical
processing plants, offshore oil production platforms
and other industrial facilities, as well as U.S.
Department of Energy sites. Dr. Thomas has been
involved with testing projects that include largescale vapor cloud explosions, vented deflagrations,
response of equipment to internal explosions and
gas mixing within enclosures. He has published
numerous papers and delivered many conference
presentations related to these topics.

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