H2Tech - Q1 2022 - 46

INFRASTRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
gy recovery and integration in these processes
are key areas for optimization. All
four processes have aspects where energy
recovery would offset the high OPEX
costs related to energy usage. Regasification
of the LH2
and LNG both require
-would improve
and MCH
heating, and better " cold " recovery-particularly
for the LH2
the energy balance. Both NH3
have exothermic reactions where energy
integration could be better optimized.
FIG. 20 shows that for all four vectors,
OPEX is the overriding cost compared
with CAPEX. Full financial burdens have
not been calculated in this comparison
analysis: upstream, CO2
and utility infrastructure costs across all
options have not been included (except
for CO2
would
However, it can be seen that the specific
H2
cost is $1,600/metric t-$2,700/metric
t, which gives confidence that the results
are similar to other published data
and are in the targeted range cited in literature
for Australia (AUS$2.00/kg H2
and Japan (U.S.$2.50/kg H2
)
).9
Takeaways. LNG should be considered
as a comparable H2
or retrofitting blue H2
with NH3
and other LOHCs. The technology
is mature, proven and large scale,
and infrastructure is already in place-no
part of the value chain is unproven at the
studied scale. If the captured CO2
can be
sequestrated at the import location rather
than returned to the export location, then
further cost savings can be ~$0.361/kg
H2
. There does not seem to be a signifi500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
a
vector
when designing
technologies along
shipping berths), all of which
increase CAPEX and OPEX.
reinjection, jetty
NH3 cracking can be avoided, resulting in
value
significant cost savings.
The main advantage of the LH2
chain would be the reduction in CO2
emissions throughout the value chain,
dependent on the method of power
production. This comes at a significant
additional cost of $1.10/kg H2
timistically) $0.70/kg H2
or (opif
scale-up
and energy reduction can be achieved.
The technology is unproven at the scale
required in this study and, therefore,
uncertainty remains in both costs and
greater project risks.
NOTES
Chiyoda Corp.'s SPERA HydrogenTM
This article was presented at the GPA Europe
Virtual Conference on May 25, 2021.
The information and data contained herein
is provided by the authors' company solely for
the article itself and should not be considered to
have consequence outside this hypothetical study.
The authors' company makes no representation
or warranty, express or implied, and assumes no
obligation or liability, whatsoever, to any third party
8
7
6
4
3
cant advantage between NH3 and MCH
other than NH3
tages if it becomes a directly used fuel and
Low-carbon power
production, energy
recovery and integration
in these processes are
key areas for optimization.
may have future advanwith
respect to the veracity, adequacy, completeness,
accuracy or use of any information contained herein.
The information and data contained herein is not, and
should not be construed as, a recommendation by the
authors' company that any recipient of this document
invest in or provide finance to any similar project. Each
recipient should make its own independent evaluation
to determine whether to extend credit to projects with
which they are involved.
LITERATURE CITED
1
Bartels, J. R., " A feasibility study of implementing
an ammonia economy, " 2008, online: https://
www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-feasibilitystudy-of-implementing-an-Ammonia-Bartels/
e4a3c0ed04725a4222350f05b9d3a1fcc97f6329
2
Liquefied
Gas Carrier, " Fully refrigerated tankers
that carry LPG, ammonia and vinyl chloride, " 2021,
online: http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/FullyRefrigerated-Ships.html
Hydrogen
Council, " Path to hydrogen
competitiveness: A cost perspective, " 2020,
online: https://hydrogencouncil.com/
wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Path-to-HydrogenCompetitiveness_Full-Study-1.pdf
International
Energy Agency, " IEA G20 Hydrogen
report: Assumptions, " 2020, online: https://www.
iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen/data-andassumptions
5
Advanced
Materials and Reactors for Energy
Storage Through Ammonia (ARENHA), " D2.2
Public report on industrial requirements, " 2020,
online: https://arenha.eu/sites/arenha.drupal.
pulsartecnalia.com/files/documents/ARENHAWP2-D22-DLR-ENGIE_11012020-final.pdf
T.
Autrey, T., " Hydrogen carriers for bulk storage
and transport of hydrogen fuel cell technologies
webinar, " 2018, online: https://www.energy.gov/
eere/fuelcells/downloads/hydrogen-carriers-bulkstorage-and-transport-hydrogen-webinar
Hurskainen,
M., " Liquid organic hydrogen carriers
(LOHC): Concept evaluation and technoeconomics, "
Research Report VTT-R-00057-19,
2019, online: https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/
liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-conceptevaluation-and-tech
Teichmann,
D., W. Arlt and P. Wasserscheid,
" Liquid organic hydrogen carriers as an efficient
vector for the transport and storage of renewable
energy, " International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, "
December 2012.
9
944
804
511
446
1,164
1,702
1,453
1,509
360
1,596
CAPEX
OPEX
Ishimoto, Y., M. Voldsund, P. Nekså, S. Roussanaly,
D. Berstad and S. O. Gardarsdottir, " Large-scale
production and transport of hydrogen from Norway
to Europe and Japan: Value chain analysis and
comparison of liquid hydrogen and ammonia as
energy carriers, " International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, November 2020.
NICOLA CHODOROWSKA
is a Managing Consultant in the
specialist engineering and
consulting group at Wood in
Reading, UK. She holds a BEng
degree in chemical engineering
and is a Fellow of the Institution
of Chemical Engineers.
LNG
LH2
FIG. 20. CAPEX/OPEX comparison.
46 Q1 2022 | H2-Tech.com
LH2
NH3
MCH
MARYAM FARHADI is a Process
Engineer in process engineering and
capital projects at Wood in Reading,
UK. She holds an MSc degree in
process systems engineering from
the University of Surrey.
$/t H2

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-feasibilitystudy-of-implementing-an-Ammonia-Bartels/e4a3c0ed04725a4222350f05b9d3a1fcc97f6329 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-feasibilitystudy-of-implementing-an-Ammonia-Bartels/e4a3c0ed04725a4222350f05b9d3a1fcc97f6329 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-feasibilitystudy-of-implementing-an-Ammonia-Bartels/e4a3c0ed04725a4222350f05b9d3a1fcc97f6329 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-feasibilitystudy-of-implementing-an-Ammonia-Bartels/e4a3c0ed04725a4222350f05b9d3a1fcc97f6329 http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/Fully-Refrigerated-Ships.html http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/Fully-Refrigerated-Ships.html https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Path-to-Hydrogen-Competitiveness_Full-Study-1.pdf https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Path-to-Hydrogen-Competitiveness_Full-Study-1.pdf https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Path-to-Hydrogen-Competitiveness_Full-Study-1.pdf https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen/data-and-assumptions https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen/data-and-assumptions https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen/data-and-assumptions https://arenha.eu/sites/arenha.drupal.pulsartecnalia.com/files/documents/ARENHAWP2-D22-DLR-ENGIE_11012020-final.pdf https://arenha.eu/sites/arenha.drupal.pulsartecnalia.com/files/documents/ARENHAWP2-D22-DLR-ENGIE_11012020-final.pdf https://arenha.eu/sites/arenha.drupal.pulsartecnalia.com/files/documents/ARENHAWP2-D22-DLR-ENGIE_11012020-final.pdf https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/hydrogen-carriers-bulkstorage-and-transport-hydrogen-webinar https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/hydrogen-carriers-bulkstorage-and-transport-hydrogen-webinar https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/hydrogen-carriers-bulkstorage-and-transport-hydrogen-webinar https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech http://www.H2-Tech.com

H2Tech - Q1 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of H2Tech - Q1 2022