H2Tech - Q3 2021 - 39

HYDROGEN STORAGE
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Preliminary
Existing battery
Future battery
Existing terrestrial H2
Future terrestrial H2
Existing geologic H2
Future geologic H2
TABLE 4. Variance in output and heat rate with ambient
temperature
Ambient temperature
Specifi cation
15 hr
13 hr
Turbine output, kW
Parasitic loads, kW
Net power output, kW
Turbine heat rate, kW
12 hr 15 hr
24 hr
48 hr
energy storage systems.9
72 hr
96 hr
120 hr
144 hr
168 hr
FIG. 9. Preliminary comparison of the LCOE for peak power for battery
and H2
ity, combustion generation output varies with weather conditions.
TABLE 4 shows the variance in output across a range of
peak summer temperatures in a location in the western U.S.
for a 50-MW gas turbine running a simple cycle with 80% H2
and 20% natural gas fuel.
Degradation to due wear and tear. Both the charging/
electrolysis and discharge/combustion or fuel cell technologies
degrade with run hours. The degradation rate for PEM
electrolysis is (+/-) 2.3 μV/hr, but varies by specific technology
and vendor. This is equivalent to a performance degradation
of 0.1%-0.15% per 1,000 hr and, depending on the vendor, results
in a projected operating life of 60,000 hr-80,000 hr (at
90% or higher nominal efficiency) before stack replacement.
The primary cause of degradation is trace calcium and
magnesium fouling the membrane. Degradation can be partially
mitigated by ensuring the quality of the demineralized
water and selective scheduled replacement of the stacks-the
generating modules that make up an electrolyzer-during annual
maintenance. H2
fuel cells exhibit similar degradation
with use. The output of combustion technologies also degrades
with use. TABLE 5 shows the heat rate degradation by
operating period for the combustion turbine in TABLE 4 across
a major maintenance cycle.
Part 2. The second part of this article, to be published in the
Q4 issue, will examine the environmental impacts and sustainability
of H2
and facility integration.
NOTE
This paper was first presented at H2Tech's H2Tech Solutions virtual
conference on May 19, 2021.
LITERATURE CITED
1 Pivovar, B., " H2 at scale: Decarbonizing our energy system, " National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Briefing to Deputy Under Secretary Adam
Cohen, Washington, D.C., April 4, 2016, online: www.nrel.gov/docs/
fy16osti/66246.pdf.
2
Dastgheib, A. M. and H. N. Afrouzi, " Role of hydrogen in the renewable
energy sector, " 3rd International Graduate Conference on Engineering,
Science and Humanities (IGCESH), School of Graduate Studies, University
of Technology Malaysia, November 2-4, 2010.
3
Bunger, U., J. Michalskim, F. Crotogino and O. Kruck, " Chapter 7: Large-scale
underground storage of hydrogen for the grid integration of renewable energy
and other applications, " in Compendium of Hydrogen Energy, Elsevier, 2016,
online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-364-5.00007-5,
storage, as well as opportunities for process
9
120°F/48.9°C 105°F/40.6°C 85°F/29.4°C
47,129
-792
49,013
-803
46,337
10,265
48.210
10,159
TABLE 5. Degradation of output with use during one
major maintenance cycle
Period start, hr Period end, hr Degradation, % Heat rate, Btu/kWh
1,000
8,000
16,000
24,000
32,000
4
1,000
8,000
16,000
24,000
32,000
40,000
0%
1.5%
2%
2.5%
1.5%
2%
10,310
10,465
10,516
10,568
10,465
10,516
Sørensen, B., " Underground hydrogen storage in geological formations, and
comparison with other storage solutions, " Hydrogen Power Theoretical
Engineering International Symposium, Merida, Mexico, 2007.
5
6
Andersson, J. and Gronvist, S., " Large-scale storage of hydrogen, " International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, 2019.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), " Functional requirements for
electric energy storage applications on the power system grid: What storage
has to do to make sense, " Palo Alto, California, 2011.
7
Krenn, A. and D. Deseberg, " Return to service of a liquid hydrogen
sphere, " Proceedings of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC)
2019, Hartford, Connecticut, July 21-25 2019, in Materials Science and
Engineering, Vol. 755, online: www.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757899X/755/1/012023
8
Kruck,
O., F. Crotogino, R. Prelicz and T. Rudolph, " Overview on all known
underground storage technologies for hydrogen, " in " Assessment of the
potential, the actors and relevant business cases for large scale and seasonal
storage of renewable electricity by hydrogen underground storage in Europe, "
HyUnder Project, Grant Agreement No. 303417, 2013.
Penev, M., N. Rustagi, C. Hunter and J. Eichman, " Energy storage: Days
of service sensitivity analysis, " NREL, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical
Advisory Committee presentation, March 19, 2019.
L. JAY EVANS, JR. has 40 yr of experience in the oil and gas
industry, with extensive experience in oil and gas reserve/reservoir
engineering and acquisitions, drilling and production operations,
midstream project development and construction. He also has
significant background in project management, engineering
design and technical advisory on numerous gas storage and gas
cycling projects, conventional and unconventional oil and gas field
development projects, gas reservoir and salt cavern storage projects, and
construction of gathering and transmission pipelines with associated compression,
processing and treating facilities. He is the author of numerous industry technical
papers and presentations. He has worked for companies including MD America
Energy, Kinder Morgan, Swift Energy, Unocal (Chevron), Tenaska, TransCanada, KN
Energy, American Oil & Gas, Gulf Energy, ENSERCH, Air Liquide, Niska Partners,
Freeport LNG, AGL Resources, ENSTOR (Iberdrola), RB International Finance,
Dominion Transmission, ENSTAR, Arizona Public Service, King Operating, H2B2 and
many others. He holds a BS degree in petroleum engineering from the University of
Texas at Austin and is a Registered Professional Engineer in Texas.
TOM SHAW is President of LK Energy in Houston, Texas.
Dr. Shaw has more than 30 yr of experience in energy project
development, including oil and gas production, natural gas
storage, power transmission and other infrastructure. LK Energy
has been evaluating the feasibility of integrated hydrogen
electrolysis, storage and power generation since 2012.
H2Tech | Q3 2021 39
50,798
-812
49,986
10,080
LCOE of peak power, 2016$/kWhr

https://www.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/755/1/012023 https://www.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/755/1/012023 https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/66246.pdf https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/66246.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-364-5.00007-5

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