HP March 2022 eBook—Energy Transition - 104

SPECIAL FOCUS HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Emissions of waste to H2
. For the waste-to-H2
lowing contributions were taken into account:
1. CO2
plant, the folemissions
derived from all carbon contained in the
waste, which is converted into CO2
Considering the reference waste composition, this
contribution is on the order of 16.5 t CO2
.
2. CO2 emissions derived from fuel consumption,
which considers the direct fuel consumption in the
gasifier and auxiliary boiler. This contribution is
estimated at 1.9 t CO2
/t H2
.
3. CO2 emissions derived from fugitive emissions of natural
with a methane global warming potential
gas used in the project, calculated as 2.5% of natural gas
consumption9
(GWP) equal to 28;10
4. Equivalent CO2
at approximately 0.44 t CO2/t H2
the resulting value is calculated
.
produced from a waste incinerator. The resulting amount
of equivalent CO2
emissions to replace electric energy not
is on the order of 2.5 t CO2/t H2
,
on the basis of a grid electric emissions factor of
0.245 kg CO2
/kWhe.
5. Indirect CO2
the process also take into account O2
6. Equivalent CO2
emissions for electric energy absorbed along
production. The
resulting value is approximately 1.9 t CO2/t H2
to a grid emissions factor of 0.245 kg CO2/kWhe.
emissions derived from the transport
/t H2
, according
7
of waste from the production facility, assuming a
distance between the gasifier and the waste facility
of around 100 km. The resulting specific consumption
is 0.1 t CO2
.
all CO2
Taking into account these estimated contributions, the overemissions
for the waste-to-H2
of 23.3 t CO2/t H2
plant are on the order
. The overall savings achieved by the wasteto-H2
plant, according to a simplified lifecycle assessment, are
around 90%, corresponding to approximately 202,000 t CO2/yr.
Takeaway. Waste such as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), municipal
solid waste (MSW) and plastic waste (PW) may be used as
feedstock for the synthesis of a wide range of chemicals. This
approach fulfills the waste management hierarchy by taking advantage
of waste that cannot be recycled or routed to an incinerator
or landfill.
The key to utilizing waste as an alternative feedstock is the
primary conversion step, which is based on a high-temperature
gasification process carried out in a pure O2
with a temperature profile ensuring certain characteristics for
produced syngas.
The case study, based on circular H2
environment and
production from waste,
showcased a feasible solution from a technical, economic
and environmental point of view. A competitive cost of production
may be achieved under a gate fee of approximately
€130/t-€150/t, which is the average cost for the disposal of
such fractions of waste in Italy.
The simplified lifecycle assessment performed for the wasteto-H2
scheme shows high CO2
savings compared to the conventional
steam reforming process. The waste-to-chemicals approach
also allows for the simultaneous synthesis of a chemical
and the recovery of waste. Under the lifecycle assessment scenario,
waste enters with a CO2
emissions credit, having avoided
a conventional disposal system based on an incinerator.
10
8
6
2
3
4
during the process.
/t H2
Under this scenario, the waste-to-H2
scheme accounts for a
CO2 emissions savings of approximately 90%. This translates into
a potential emissions reduction of around 202,000 t CO2/yr.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors kindly acknowledge Maire Tecnimont Group and its subsidiary,
NextChem, for their research and development support in the field of waste-tochemicals.
LITERATURE
CITED
1
EU Directive 2018/851, " Amending directive 2008/98/EC on waste, " Official
Journal of the European Union, June 14, 2018, online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/
legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851&from=EN
Qu, S., Y. Guo, Z. Ma, W.-Q. Chen, J. Liu, G. Liu, Y. Wang and M. Xu,
" Implications of China's foreign waste ban on the global circular economy, "
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Vol. 144, 2019.
World Data Bank, " What a waste, " online: https://datatopics.worldbank.org/
what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html
Iaquaniello, G., G. Centi, A. Salladini, E. Palo and S. Perathoner, " Waste to
chemicals for a circular economy, " Chemistry: A European Journal, Vol. 24, Iss. 46,
June 25, 2018.
5
Iaquaniello G., L. Spadacini, A. Salladini and E. Antonetti, " Method and
equipment to produce a syngas from wastes, preferably industrial or municipal
wastes and their deliverables, " 2018, Patent WO 2018/134853.
Salladini, A., A. Borgogna, L. Spadacini, A. Pitrelli, M. Annesini and G.
Iaquaniello, " Methanol production from refuse derived fuel: A preliminary
analysis on the influence of the RDF composition on process yield, " 2018,
online: http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/pdfs/Athens2017_
Salladini_Borgogna_Spadacini_Pitrelli_Annesini _Iaquaniello.pdf.
Iaquaniello, G., A. Salladini and E. Antonetti, " A process and relating apparatus
to make pure hydrogen from syngas originated from wastes gasification, " Patent
WO2018/078661.
Iaquaniello, G. and A. Salladini, " A process and relating apparatus to make pure
bio-methanol from a syngas originated from wastes gasification, " Patent WO
2018/134853.
9
Howarth, R. W., " Methane emissions and climatic warming risk from hydraulic
fracturing and shale gas development: Implications for policy, energy and
emission control technologies, " 2015.
Green House Gas Protocol, " Global warming potential values, " online: https://
www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-PotentialValues%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf
GIACOMO
RISPOLI joined NextChem SpA from Eni Group in 2020 as a senior
executive, and was recently appointed CEO of MyRechemical, which was formed to
focus on waste-to-chemicals technology. His long career at Eni covered many positions
such as Refineries Manager, Director of R&D and Director of Supply and Licensing.
Mr. Rispoli holds a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Rome.
ANNARITA SALLADINI joined Maire Tecnimont subsidiary Processi Innovativi in
2009 and has been involved in R&D projects, feasibility studies and process design
packages in the areas of process intensification in hydrogen production, concentrated
solar power technology, waste valorization for chemicals and fuels production.
She leads a process team at MyRechemical, a NextChem company devoted to the
development of waste-to-chemicals applications. She has also coauthored several
scientific papers, book chapters and patent applications. Ms. Salladini graduated in
chemical engineering in 2004 and received her PhD in chemical and biotechnology
innovative processes in 2009 from the University of L'Aquila in Italy.
ALESSIA BORGOGNA is a Junior Process Engineer at MyRechemical. Previously, she
occupied the same position at NextChem, having joined the company in 2019 after
earning her PhD in chemical and environmental engineering. During her PhD studies,
she was a visiting student at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Prior to her PhD,
she earned an MS degree in chemical engineering in 2016 and a BS degree in chemical
engineering in 2014, both from the University of Rome.
GAETANO IAQUANIELLO is Vice Chairman of NextChem. From 2011, he has also
served as Vice President of Corporate Technology for the Maire Tecnimont Innovation
Center in the Netherlands, and as CEO of Processi Innovativi Srl. Previously, he worked
at KT SpA in a variety of roles. Mr. Iaquaniello is a member of the American Chemical
Society and the Vice President of the Italian Society of Chemical Engineers (AIDIC).
He has published more than 70 technical papers and is the author of several patents.
Mr. Iaquaniello holds a PhD from the U.E.R. des Sciences-Université de Limoges, a
graduate degree in chemical engineering from the University of Rome, and an MSc
degree in management from the University of London.
H2Tech | Q3 2021 | H2-Tech.com

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851&from=EN https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851&from=EN https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/pdfs/Athens2017_Salladini_Borgogna_Spadacini_Pitrelli_Annesini_Iaquaniello.pdf http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/pdfs/Athens2017_Salladini_Borgogna_Spadacini_Pitrelli_Annesini_Iaquaniello.pdf http://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-Potential-Values%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf http://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-Potential-Values%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf http://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-Potential-Values%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf http://www.H2-Tech.com

HP March 2022 eBook—Energy Transition

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