Plant Design, Engineering and Construction CDU and VDU offgas + LPG CNHT sour offgas + LPG H2 CDU offgas + LPG Crude Urals KHT wild naptha DHT wild naphtha S.R. diesel H2 LCGO DHT CDU H2 S.R. kerosene KHT Kerosene product DHT sour offgas + LPG DHT wild naphtha Diesel product Sour offgas + LPG VDU sour offgas + LPG ATM residue VDU VGO C9+ from arom Pyoil from SC UCO from NHCU Vaccuum residue DCU Coker naphtha LCGO HCGO Coke Green coke FIG. 2. Block flow diagram of Case B3: An NHCU, along with a steam cracker and an aromatics complex. DCU/RHC + (N)HCU + steam cracker + aromatics complex still looks best in the high petrochemical price scenario, Case B5 looks best in a scenario of lower fuel gas prices. In case of low electricity prices, Case A2 ranks the highest. All units have typical fuel gas, steam and electricity consumption levels. No effort has been made to increase electricity consumption by changing steam turbines to electric drives or by considering electric heaters. Options for further increasing the petrochemical value chain. Making specialty chemicals and/or expanding petrochemicals production will further increase petrochemicals output and/or profitability. Some of the options to be considered include: * Converting C4 = and recycling it within the steam cracker * Sending pygas to the aromatics unit * Sending hydrotreated pygas/raffinate to the steam cracker * Only producing gasoline blend components * Incorporating a propane dehydrogenation unit to produce additional propylene * Adding metathesis to convert C4= (with C2 propylene and then to PP * Forward integration with the following: ° C2 =) to =s processed to glycol and its derivatives and/or polyvinyl chloride ° C3= to propylene-oxide and/or its derivatives, which include acrylic acid and acrylonitrile ° C3=s and C4 25 20 15 10 5 -10 A2 A1 A0 B1 B0 B2A B2B 10 20 Petrochemicals on crude, % FIG. 3. IRR vs. petrochemicals on crude (%). =s to oxo alcohols ° C4=s processed to methyl ethyl ketone ° Butadiene to synthetic rubbers. Takeaway. Any new refinery complex should integrate petrochemicals manufacturing to produce both transportation fuels and base petrochemical materials. Existing refineries will need to review their options to expand into petrochemical production or integrate with neighboring petrochemical plants. Hydrocarbon Processing | JULY 2021 | HydrocarbonProcessing.com 30 40 B5 B4 B3 UCO to DCU Sour offgas + LPG H2 NHCU Light HC naphtha to SC Heavy HC naphtha to CCR Heavy HC naphtha to SC Reformate HDT S.R. naptha Coker naphtha KHT sour offgas + LPG KHT wild naphtha Heavy HC naphtha CCR CCR net gas CNHT naphtha Naphtha splitter CNHT, KHT and DHT offgas + LPG DCU and NHCU offgas + LPG CCR LPG and PSA tailgas Aromatics offgas SGP Fuel gas LPG Light naphtha Light HC naphtha Heavy naphtha Heavy HC naphtha CCR LPG Fuel gas H2 Hexene Ethylene SC Propylene Mixed C4 BDX Pygas H2 Pyoil to DCU H2 PSA PSA tailgas H2 Aromatics C9 + to DCU KHT kerosene DHT diesel Kerosene Pygas sat. H2 H2 Ethanol Raffinate PE PP ETBE Offgas Polyethylene Polypropylene Butadiene Other C4 ETBE ETBE HT pygas Reformate Raffinate p-Xylene Benzene Gasoline pool s LPG Diesel RFCC cases IRR, %http://www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com