Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2021 - GP-20

SPECIAL FOCUS: GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
Here, q = MNOx ÷ MNO.
For propane (C3H8) combustion, the reaction shown in Eq.
23 occurs:
C3H8 + 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H2O(23)
If the reaction or combustion occurs in air, then the reaction
shown in Eq. 24 occurs:
C3H8 + 5(O2 + 3.77N2 ) = 3CO2 + 4H2O + 18.85N2(24)
Using the same procedure as that for methane and taking
the LHV of propane,19 LHV = 25.9kWh, Eqs. 25 and 26 are
calculated as follows:


E =

0.145xq
mg/kWh
CO2measured

(25)

E = 1.25xq[1 + 4.77O2measured / (1 - 4.77O2measured)](26)
Here, q = MNOx ÷ MNO.
In recent years, to eliminate emissions of NOX to the environment, countries around the world have been developing low-NOX combustion technologies.4,5,20,21,22 NOX emissions reduction is important for decreasing the level of NOX
released into the atmosphere by combustion activities. When
NOX reduction strategies are used, the ratio of NO to NO2 may
change, and so the traditional calculation of NO2 content accounting for 5% of NOX can no longer be used.
At present, the value of NO2 can be even greater than 50%
of the total NOX emission. In this scenario, it is important not
only to accurately measure the value of NO, but also to accurately measure the amount of NO2. Additionally, since NO2 is
very soluble in water, if condensation of water vapor occurs in
the exhaust smoke, as much as 50% of NO2 will be dissolved
into the condensed water from the gas phase, which greatly affects the reading. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that water
vapor does not condense during the measurement.
Takeaway. This article summarizes the conversion method between ppm and mg/m3 presently used in the engineering world.
It also explains the development of a method to calculate NOX
in mg/kWh from combustion systems that use methane or propane as fuel. This method can be used to calculate emissions of
other pollutants, such as CO and SO2. GP
LITERATURE CITED
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	2	
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topac.com/combustioninfo4.html
	3	
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Bulletin, EPA-456/F-99-006R, November 1999.
	6	
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	7	
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD), Urban
Construction Industry Standard of People's Republic of China, " Gas bred space
heaters, " CJ/T113-2015, January 2015.
	1	

20 MARCH/APRIL 2021 | GasProcessingNews.com

UK Standard, " Single burner gas-fired overhead radiant tube heaters for
nondomestic use, Part 1: Safety, " BSEN 416-1:2009, April 2009; Updated
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tube heater systems for non-domestic use: Safety and energy efficiency, "
November 2019.
	9	
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measurements, " 2nd Ed., August 2004, online: http://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files3/
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	10	
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Wiley, June 1975.
	11	
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" Discussion on conversion between ppm and mg/m3, " Chinese Journal of Health
Laboratory Technology, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2003.
	12	
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atm and 25°C, " online: http://www.aresok.org/npg/nioshdbs/calc.htm
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and mg/m3 at 1 atm and 25°C, " online: http://www.herramientasingenieria.
com/onlinecalc/ppm-mg_m3.php
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Markes International, " Conversion between ppm and mg/m3 at selected pressure and temperature, " online: https://markes.com/calculator
	15	
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emission control strategies for industrial boilers, Kraft recovery furnaces, and
lime kilns, " Special Report 99-01, April 1999, online: https://p2infohouse.
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ext=.pdf
	17	
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	20	
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	8	

GY ZHAO was Technical Manager of Sunree Technology
Development Co. Ltd. in Dalian, China from 2015-2020,
responsible for the research and development of several
heaters. He also conducted research and taught graduate
courses at the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, for 22 yr, and was awarded the Second Grade of
Science Progress Award by the Academy. Dr. Zhao
co-authored four books in Chinese before he relocated to the U.S. in 1988.
He has published more than 30 papers in both English-language and Chineselanguage scientific journals. He holds a BS degree in modern mechanics from
the Chinese University of Science and Technology in Beijing and a PhD degree
in chemical engineering from the State University of New York in Buffalo.
LING LIU has 7 yr of working experience in combustion
and mechanical design. She has participated in the research
and development of negative-pressure gas infrared radiant
heaters, positive-pressure gas infrared radiant heaters,
indirect-fired gas heaters and direct-fired gas heaters at
Sunree Technology Development Co. Ltd. in Dalian, China.
She holds a BS degree in building environment and
equipment engineering from Southwest Jiaotong University in China.
MAO-SONG LI has 11 yr of working experience in thermodynamics, combustion
and mechanical design. He formerly supervised the laboratory of Dalian
Jinsanwei Technology Co. Ltd. and managed the R&D department of Sunree
Technology Development Co. Ltd. During his 7 yr at Sunree, he participated
in the design and testing of negative-pressure gas infrared radiant heaters,
positive-pressure gas infrared radiant heaters, indirect-fired gas heaters,
and direct-fired gas heaters. Mr. Li holds a BS degree from Zhengzhou
Institute of Light Industry in China and an MS degree in power engineering
and engineering thermophysics from Xi'an Jiaotong University in China.

http://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files3/d3633ea5fcec7d6010dd38a8e5ef91fa.pdf http://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files3/d3633ea5fcec7d6010dd38a8e5ef91fa.pdf http://www.Aresok.org http://www.aresok.org/npg/nioshdbs/calc.htm http://www.Herramientasingenieria.com http://www.herramientasingenieria.com/onlinecalc/ppm-mg_m3.php http://www.herramientasingenieria.com/onlinecalc/ppm-mg_m3.php https://www.markes.com/calculator https://p2infohouse.org/ref/51/50112.pdf https://p2infohouse.org/ref/51/50112.pdf https://tsi.com/getmedia/02417ee5-cccc-4dc7-80bc-f7f10924d20a/CA-basic-2980175?ext=.pdf https://tsi.com/getmedia/02417ee5-cccc-4dc7-80bc-f7f10924d20a/CA-basic-2980175?ext=.pdf https://tsi.com/getmedia/02417ee5-cccc-4dc7-80bc-f7f10924d20a/CA-basic-2980175?ext=.pdf https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-values-d_420.html https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gross-net-heating-values-d_420.html https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/review-20-years-air-pollution-control-beijing https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/review-20-years-air-pollution-control-beijing http://www.topac.com/combustioninfo4.html http://www.topac.com/combustioninfo4.html http://fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/combustionen/NOX/NOX_formation.pdf http://fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/combustionen/NOX/NOX_formation.pdf http://www.GasProcessingNews.com

Hydrocarbon Processing - April 2021

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