Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-11

EXECUTIVE VIEWPOINT
The total emissions profile of an LNG plant
is now a key consideration for stakeholders.
It can significantly impact whether or not
a project reaches a final investment decision.
generation from renewable sources. They
compensate for the volatility of renewable
sources by either storing energy to
be injected at a different time when demand
or the price of energy is higher,
or by quickly charging and discharging
power to respond to surges and dips in
renewable power availability, thereby ensuring
a smooth output to the load. As a
result, BSS contribute to optimizing energy
costs, and their programmable and
controllable fast response times improve
matching supply and demand. The decision
to incorporate energy storage is also
crucial for sparing philosophies and redundancy
to ensure high availability.
LNG operators typically design PGUs
with a target availability of 99%+ because
it is considered a utility that should always
be available to the LNG train. To achieve
this, the PGU is designed to a minimum
N + 1 configuration, where N is the minimum
number of gas turbines required for
operation at 100%. In other words, PGUs
are designed with a spare gas turbine that
can either be running or offline, depending
on the operating philosophy. A running
spare will result in the gas turbines
running at lower loads, away from the optimal
load, for the highest efficiency. On
the other hand, an offline gas turbine will
require supplemental power by power
augmentation or a battery when the gas
turbine is started up. Otherwise, a load
shedding procedure must be implemented
to keep the LNG train operational.
Fuel system. In mechanically driven
LNG plants, natural gas used during startup
and refrigerants that must be de-inventoried
from equipment are sent to the
facility's flare system for proper disposal.
The contents are burned, and thermal
energy is emitted into the atmosphere.
However, these streams can instead be recovered
and routed to the fuel gas system
for conditioning. In such cases, the hydrocarbons
will be utilized as a component of
the blended fuel gas for the PGU.
Processing the streams through the
fuel gas system is essential because of the
heating value variation control inherently
provided by the residence time designed
in the fuel gas mixing drum. If the heating
value rate of change varies outside of
a prescribed range, then the gas turbine
generators could be tripped. Consequently,
the heating value of the recovered hydrocarbons
must be known; so, too, will
its impact on the overall fuel blend heating
value to avoid exceeding the rate of
change allowed for normal operation.
Moreover, a solution where recovery
of these streams is envisioned requires
additional kit and plot space not accounted
for in a traditional LNG facility
design. Thus, an integrated approach
that includes an evaluation provides a
more robust design and limits potential
rework in the future.
Takeaway. Despite its growing role in the
global energy mix, the carbon footprint of
the LNG industry is being put under the
microscope by activists, investors, lenders
and regulatory bodies. The total emissions
profile of an LNG plant is now a key
consideration for stakeholders. It can significantly
impact whether or not a project
reaches a final investment decision (FID).
Electrification is an important pathway
to the decarbonization of LNG facilities,
providing immediate advantages in terms
of higher-efficiency operations and lower
emissions, while allowing for current or
future implementation of renewables and
green fuels (FIG. 2).
In the same way that refrigeration
compressor mechanical drive gas turbines
have been viewed as key to optimizing all
aspects of LNG plant performance, the
focus with eLNG is now shifting to the
source of power generation, requiring a
new, integrated approach to its design
and specification. In light of this development,
a strong case can be made to move
toward a more holistic design approach
where the required process and electrical
systems are developed in parallel to enable
total plant optimization. GP
LITERATURE CITED
1
Adams, J., J. Ergina and R. Filho, " Integrated electrical
and LNG plant design, " Presented at Gastech,
September 21-24, 2021, Dubai, UAE.
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021

Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 8
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 11
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - 81
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - Cover4
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-1
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-2
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-3
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-4
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-5
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-6
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-7
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-8
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-9
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-10
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-11
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-12
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-13
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-14
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-15
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-16
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-19
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-21
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-27
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-28
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-30
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-31
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-32
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Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-39
Hydrocarbon Processing - December 2021 - GP-40
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