Hydrocarbon Processing - March 2022 - 58

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The fluid catalytic cracking process-
How it operates
May 1945
This article provides a step-by-step look at the fluid catalytic
cracking process, including a colored diagram provided by
the M. W. Kellogg Co.
Functions and fundamentals of temperature in
refinery process control
D. M. Boyd, September 1945
Instrumentation is the control of a product by its physical
properties. At present, only two properties-temperature and
pressure-are being extensively used in refining. It is evident
that many additional properties can and should be used, such
as refractive index, absorption spectra and dielectric property.
It is the purpose of this article to trace the development of
temperature process control and to provide several examples of
problems encountered in the design and operation of a 100-octane
gasoline plant, which requires more than 300 instruments.
Synthetic lubricants from ethylene condensations
H. Schildwachter, March 1946
The condensation of ethylene with coal-tar fractions can
produce valuable lubricants. The viscosity of such synthetic
oils can be further increased by treatment with silent electric
discharges. These oils show good stability under heat, are free of
asphalt and potential sludge bodies, and do not form tars during
oxidation at 120°C, among several other benefits.
Disposal of refinery wastes
L. C. Burroughs, July 1946
Since its inception, the petroleum industry has been confronted
with the problem of the proper disposal of the wastes
produced from oil-refining processes. Two conditions dictate
close study on the subject of waste: the pressing necessity of
more economical operation and the fact that political bodies
continue to demand more from industry in the protection of
both surface and underground water supplies.
Design of instrument-air-supply system
for the process industry
W. C. Ludi, October 1946
The purpose of this article is to outline present practice in
the design of instrument-air-supply systems for process units.
These systems are important in plants using automatic control
instruments since continuous satisfactory performance is
essential to the production of specification products and the
maintenance of operator morale. Also included is a discussion
of instrumentation air drying methods and systems, and
notes on the principal design features desired in the mechanical
equipment of instrument-air systems.
Fundamental requirements for safe arrangement
of drains and vents
J. H. Johnson, June 1947
The primary functions of drain and vent systems on oil processing
units are to provide a means of quickly and safely disposing
of oil and gas in an emergency, and to provide a means
for safely draining and venting various parts of a unit during op58
MARCH 2022 | HydrocarbonProcessing.com
eration. The article details the fundamentals of arranging drains
and vents in a processing unit.
Maintenance of tubular heat exchangers
J. G. Housman, July 1947
The proper techniques regarding maintenance on tubular
heat exchangers at Standard Oil Co.'s Whiting refinery are
discussed.
Cracking sulfur stocks with natural catalyst
R. C. Davidson, September 1947
This article presents the characteristics of catalyst which
have been poisoned by sulfur and the procedure prohibiting
the decline in activity caused by cracking gasoils containing
relatively large amounts of sulfur compounds.
Refinery building program is stupendous
L. J. Logan, October 1947
Facing a substantial increase in the demand for petroleum
products over the new few years, the refining branch of the petroleum
industry is confronted with the necessity for a refinery
building program beyond any figure heretofore quoted.
Where does the sulfur go?
M. J. Fowle and R. D. Bent, November 1947
This paper presents the distribution of sulfur in products
when processing sour crude by distillation, thermal viscosity,
breaking, gasoil cracking and reforming; catalytic cracking;
catalytic desulfurization; and chemical treating.
Flange design calculations
H. E. Lonngren, November 1947
The author presents new formulas for determining the
flange thickness quickly, with an assurance of obtaining a predetermined
and uniform stress distribution in the flange. The
derivation of the new formulas is based on the present formulas
in the ASME and ASME-API codes.
The aromatic adsorption index as a rapid method for
approximating catalyst activity
W. W. Scheumann and A. R. Rescorla, December 1947
Control of catalytic cracking operations requires frequent
measurement of catalyst activity. The aromatic adsorption index
is based on the ability of a cracking catalyst selectively to
adsorb aromatic hydrocarbon from a hydrocarbon mixture.
Straight-line chart determination of absorber
extraction efficiency
E. W. Ragatz, February 1948
The recently proposed straight-line chart method of absorber
analysis has been broadened and refined with the resultant
development of a highly significant overall performance factor.
This factor has been given the designation of Extraction
Efficiency and expresses the ratio (in terms of percent) of the
theoretical minimum to actual lean oil rate required to affect a
95% butane recovery at any absorber operation. Application of
this factor to a wide range of commercial units indicates the possibility
of markedly improving the effectiveness of present day
high-pressure absorbers.
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