Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 22

Biofuels, Alternative Fuels and Green Petrochemicals
The seven pathways to reducing carbon
footprints. The seven pathways to
reducing carbon footprints include a combination
of several methods. The ways to
reduce Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions (direct
and indirect CO2
emissions from fossil
fuels) include the following pathways:
1. Energy efficiency/stopping
CH4
leaks: Improving energy
efficiency in existing and new
facilities, maintaining energy
recovery equipment, and stopping
routine flaring while minimizing
flaring on startup and shutdown
2. Technology: Utilizing new
processes and catalysts that
will improve yields and reduce
energy intensity
3. Electrification: Electrifying
process equipment using
renewable electric power (i.e.,
wind, solar, hydroelectric,
geothermal, nuclear)
4. CCUS: Providing cost-effective
carbon capture with the utilization
and storage of captured CO2
Billion metric tons (bmt) of carbon dioxide (CO2
Sourcea
16%
77%
Petroleum
2.0 (45%)
3%
3%
1%
)
End-use sector c
Percentage of sources
Percentage of sectors
3%
97%
<1%
Transportation
1.6 (36%)
(adding CCUS to biofueled
equipment to achieve negative
CO2
footprints)
5. Green and blue H2: Producing,
using and selling low-carbon H2
.
The good news is that operating companies
and supporting engineering companies
in the oil and gas and petrochemical
industries already have the technology and
assets for onshore and offshore wind, blue
and green H2
generation, and CO2
tration and can convert refinery units to
make renewable fuel from biofeedstocks.
Ways to reduce Scope 3 emissions
in the oil and gas industry. As the
world begins to use more renewable energy,
the use of fossil fuels will begin to
reduce. Oil and gas companies will transition
to become energy providers that will
sell less petroleum-based fuels and begin
to sell fuels with low carbon intensity.
Pathway six reduces carbon footprints
for Scope 3 emissions by using biofuels,
renewable fuels and e-fuels. These include
the following:
* Biofuels and renewable fuels, such
as renewable diesel and sustainable
aviation fuel (SAF)
* Synthetic e-fuels, like e-gasoline,
which are made from green H2
and captured CO2
* Low-carbon LNG using CCS
during natural gas treatment and
the electrification of LNG
refrigeration compressors
seques*
Renewable electricity, such
as wind (onshore/offshore)
and solar photovoltaic (PV)
electricity production
* Green and blue H2
.
Ways to reduce Scope 3 emissions
for petrochemicals. The seventh pathway
reduces Scope 3 carbon footprints,
especially for plastics and chemical production,
through a circular carbon pathway,
including:
* Recycling waste plastics: Creating
a circular carbon economy by
either mechanical reprocessing or
chemical recycling (e.g., pyrolysis,
gasification) of waste plastic
* Use of renewable feedstocks:
Using renewable feedstocks like
bio-naphtha to produce the base
chemicals ethylene and propylene
to decrease carbon intensity
25%
41%
7%
Natural gas
1.7 (36%)
Coal
0.9 (19%)
Total = 4.6 bmt
3%
32%
15%
10%
38%
<1%
10%
90%
Electric power sector b
1%
44%
54%
Electricity
Retail sales
1.4 (32%)
<1%
25%
40%
35%
28%
7%
29%
64%
7%
24%
<1%
69%
Commercial
0.7 (16%)
Total = 4.6 bmt
H2 as an energy carrier (the role of
green and blue H2 as decarbonization
pathways). H2
, with its low- or
U. S. power % generation, % CO2
Type fuel
Petroleum/misc
Ng
Coal
Nuclear
Renewable
% power generated % CO2
2
1
40
19
20
20
100
44
54
100
FIG. 1. U.S. CO2 emissions from energy consumption by source and sector, 2020. Source: U.S. EIA.
22 MAY 2022 | HydrocarbonProcessing.com
zero-carbon footprint, will play a key role
as a fuel-specifically, in the production
of renewable fuels, biofuels and e-fuels. It
will also enable e-chemistry by the hydrogenation
reaction with captured CO2
a decarbonized world, H2
. In
demand could
increase by a factor of 6 times-10 times
the current demand. Green, blue and pink
H2
will fill this increased demand.
Most H2
which is made from CH4
ane reformer (SMR). Gray H2
produced today is gray H2
in a steam methCO2
footprint and alternate production
methods to make blue and green H2
,
has a high
are
* Synthetic chemicals production:
These include chemicals like ethanol
and methanol produced using
renewable H2
and captured CO2
Industrial
1.3 (29%)
Residential
0.9 (20%)
.
The following will detail the decarbonization
pathways of green and blue H2
, along
with the use of biofuels, renewable fuels
and e-fuels. It will also discuss following a
circular carbon pathway.
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Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022

Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 8
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 9
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 11
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 12
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 13
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 14
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 15
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 16
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 17
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 18
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 19
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 20
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 21
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 22
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 23
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 24
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 25
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 26
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 27
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Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 35
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 36
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 37
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 38
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 39
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 40
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 41
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 42
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 43
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Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 51
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Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 73
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 74
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Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 88
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 89
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - 90
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - May 2022 - Cover4
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201909
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201811
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