Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 29
USE OF STEEL IN CONTEMPORARY AND REBUILT THEATRES
Fig.
2
Asphaleia Stage (1882).
Fig.
3
Asphaleia Stage, Cross Section.
Fig.
4
Chessboard elevator system, designed by Mares, Prague.
(J. Hans Kluge has graciously prepared the following extended summary
of the promotion volume STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN 1M THEATERBAU,
which is published by the Beratungsstelle fur Stahlverwendung, Dussel·
dorf, Kasemenstrasse 36 (Germany).
While not a review in the strictest sense, it is intended to provide
American renders with information not otherwise readily available about
European theatre construction. For the photographs, TD&T is likewise in·
debted to Stahlberatung Dusseldorf.--Editor)
The introduction of steel in the construction of theatres was
brought about by the frequency and severity of theatre fires
in the nineteenth century. Open flame was extensively used
for lighting in buildings primarily constructed of wood. From
the year 1797 until 1897, almost 10,000 people died in
more than 1,100 different theatre fires.
The catastrophic fire at the Vienna Ring Theatre in December
of 1881, in which 450 people lost their lives, finally caused
political authorities throughout Europe to look into and substantially revise 80-year-old building codes and standards.
Since 1889, the iron curtain has become mandatory and
steel is extensively used as a non-flammable material for the
construction of stages and machinery.
The Paris Opera, designed by the architect Garnier, was
started in 1861, and had the first steel-constructed roof and
stage (Fig, 1). Many innovations were produced by using
steel in the construction of the stage and house. The small
cross-sectional area of steel beams enabled longer and wider
spans, allowing spacious designs which gave magnificent
sight line possibilities, unheard of until then. Motors and
winches replaced the unwieldy wooden drums, cogs and
wheels.
The aim in the theatre was to come as close to realism as
possible and, therefore, the flats painted in perspective no
longer satisfied a discriminating public. Inventions such as
electrical lighting and the cyclorama were other revolutionary
developments at that time.
In 1882 the Austrian civil engineer Gewinner designed the
Asphaleia safety system with large stage podia (Fig. 2)
which could be lifted, lowered or inclined using extensive
hydraulic systems which, incidentally, were also used for
the rigging machinery (Fig. 3 shows a cross-sectional view).
Fig.
Paris Opera (1865). Architect Charles Garnier. Considered
the first steel·structure theatre (roof and stage construction).
29
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968
Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 5
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 6
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 7
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 8
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 9
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 10
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 11
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 12
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 13
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 14
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 15
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 16
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 17
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 18
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 19
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 20
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 21
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 22
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 23
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 24
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 25
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 26
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 27
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 28
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 29
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 30
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 31
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 32
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 33
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 34
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 35
Theatre Design & Technology - Feb 1968 - 36
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