Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 31
For many years the motion-picture industry
has used high intensity carbon arc illumination to project movies on the screen. Other
light sources either lacked sufficient brightness, desired color, or did not have the
optical characteristics to project the film
satisfactorily. The chief competitor to the
carbon arc has been the tungsten lamp.
However, in the wattages required for screen
brightness the tungsten filament size was
too large to be used efficiently. Consequently, the tungsten lamp was limited to
application in 16 mm. educational and
business films or to home movie use.
High Intensity Xenon Lamp
for Large Screen Illumination
JOSEPH P. KEARNEY
NICHOLAS J. RAINONE
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Lamp Division
The lamp industry did not cease its search
for a higher brightness source and for
many years has been developing a line of
enclosed arc lamps. The first of these suitable for projection usage was the mercuryargon short-arc lamp. A 10 minute warmup time and poor color rendition ruled it
out of the motion-picture projection field.
Next came the mercury-xenon lamp which
improved the warm-up time but once again
did not meet the color requirements of
motion-picture projection.
XENON SHORT-ARC
TENTIAL
~
RIMARY
ELLIPTICAL MIRROR
_-=-,'
SECONOARY SPHERICAL MIRROR
~ ~ECTION LENS
",_
\~
/~ /
--- ---==z-=--~
I
--------
FILM GATE
OFFERS BEST POLAMP
Out of the many sources explored, the
xenon short-arc lamp offered the most exciting potential. It has all the characteristics
needed, such as rapid warm-up, good color
and a continuous spectral response (Fig.
1). The development of xenon lamps was
begun for searchlight and instrument applications. While these lamps were lower in
wattage (up to 1000 watts) their development laid the foundation for things to
come. Use of xenon lamps for motionpicture projection had its beginning in Europe. The 1 KW and 2 KW lamps were
introduced for use in what we now consider
the small screen theatres.
Figure 2.
exciting era. The term "Wide Screen"
became a necessary label on the marquee
in order to attract customers. In the mad
rush to meet new demands, the industry
was forced to make many compromises. The
Iight sources in use in 1950 would not
properly illuminate the larger picture area so
the result was a bigger, but not better,
picture. In order to again meet acceptable
standards of good quality presentation it
was necessary for new technological improvements to be made in all phases of the
projection system. Included in these changes
were larger film formats, increased reel
size, and improved light sources.
Suddenly, during the early 1950's, the
motion-picture industry entered a new and
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION
I 0 ~-~------.------r---'------'---.-----.----r-------,
IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN THE
XENON SOU RCE
To provide the needed unit area of illumination the xenon lamp had to be made in
higher wattages. Furthermore, up to this
time it had only been possible to operate
the lamp in a vertical position. The diagram
in Figure 2 shows schematically the conventional vertical burning system which uses
an elliptical reflector to couple the light to
the optical system. The secondary mirror is
used to recapture some of the light to the
lIsed to recapture some of the Iight lost
from the front of the lamp. As can be seen,
the secondary mirror and the side arms of
the lamp create a large shadow area. In
addition, the pick-up angle of the elliptical
mirror is limited by the shape of the lamp
electrodes.
Figure 3 shows the schematic drawing of a
system with a lamp operating horizontally.
The need for a secondary mirror is eliminated and the lamp arms are placed so
that their cross-sectional area causes a
minimum of shadowing. By placing the lamp
anode away from the reflector, a much larger
pick-up angle is realized. Figure 4 shows
this comparison. An additional advantage
of horizontal operation is that the light
pick-up is symmetrical about the optical
system axis. Comparison tests show a 25
percent increase in screen illumination with
a horizontal operating system.
(f)
z
~ 8--u
2
-'
-'
2 6
o
I
5 41----1\'
I(f)
"-
(f)
II
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970
Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 5
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 6
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 7
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 8
Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 9
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Theatre Design & Technology - May 1970 - 40
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1968Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1967Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Oct
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966May
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1966Feb
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Dec
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/hickmanbrady/tdt_1965Oct
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