IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - April 2022 - 19

Kellett et al.
added extras. This will, therefore, need to involve a much
wider set of stakeholders from traditionally different
domains. The traditional ownership of roles and equipment
can be ingrained in the structure of organizations
such as the Royal Navy so a radical shake up in the procurement
may be needed in order to ensure the system is
truly multifunctional. This multifunctional philosophy
may also need to extend through the whole lifecycle and
defense line of development (DLODS) of the system.
There is a wide range of potential benefits of an MFRFS
that need to be considered alongside the traditional, individual
system, performance metrics.
Vulnerability and redundancy should also be a key
consideration. There may still be a desire or a legal
requirement for secondary systems in the event the main
antenna is damaged.
Resilience to EA and interference is growing in importance
as the EM spectrum becomes increasingly congested
and contested. The ready availability of small, low-cost high
bandwidth analog to digital and digital to analog conversion
means that threats will become more sophisticated. High levels
of digitization in a future MFRFS will provide increased
waveform diversity and agility making it difficult to predict
what frequency and waveform toemployinan attack,whilst
digital adaptive beamforming can be used to spatially reject
jammers. It should be noted however that without tuneable
front end filters, there is a potential vulnerability to high
power attack, if this can drive the receive chain into limit,
though could be partially mitigated by the inherently low
antenna gain ofan element digitized system.
For MFRFS employing significant AI, the acceptance
of risk for adaptation is an important consideration. Unlike
systems such as autonomous cars where many millions of
miles of data in all situations are being collected, the key
scenarios on which MFRFS are procured may well be
very rare (e.g., a wartime attack) thus training data is limited.
Constraints or modes may be necessary to ensure
manufacturers and the government are sufficiently assured
of system performance in any situation.
The testing of the MFRFS will need a complex modeling
approach. The procurement and assurance of the
model may need a similar level of rigor to the assessment
of the system design itself. The integrated design approach
to MFRFS should stimulate an integrated modeling
approach. Testing the system will also be complex as each
function has to be tested whilst simultaneously operating
alongside other functions.
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IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - April 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - April 2022