IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - August 2021 - Cover2

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Front Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
Back Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
Front Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
Back Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
Front Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
Back Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
Back Cover: Image licensed by Ingram Publishing
IEEE AESS PUBLICATIONS BOARDIEEE AESS PUBLICATIONS BOARD
Maria Sabrina Greco, VP-Publications, Chair
Peter Willett, Editor-in-Chief, Systems
Lance Kaplan, VP-Publications, Chair
Daniel O'Hagen, Editor-in-Chief, Systems
IEEE AESS Society
IEEE AESS Society
The IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society is a society, within the framework of the IEEE, of members with professional
interests in the organization, design, development, integration and operation of complex systems for space, air, ocean, or ground
environments. These systems include, but are not limited to, navigation, avionics, spacecraft, aerospace power, mobile electric
power & electronics, military, law enforcement, radar, sonar, telemetry, defense, transportation, automatic test, simulators, and
command & control. Many members are concerned with the practice of system engineering. All members of the IEEE are eligible
for membership in the Society and receive the Society magazine Systems upon payment of the annual Society membership fee.
The Transactions are unbundled, online only, and available at an additional fee. For information on joining, write to the IEEE at
the address below. Member copies of publications are for personal use only.
THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, INC.
Susan " Kathy " Land, President & CEO
K. J. Ray Liu, Director & President-Elect
Kathleen A. Kramer, Director & Secretary
Mary Ellen Randall, Director & Treasurer
Toshio Fukuda, Past President
Stephen M. Phillips, Director & Vice President,
Educational Activities
THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, INC.
José M. F. Moura, President
José M. F. Moura, President
Toshio Fukuda, President-Elect
Kathleen Kramer, Secretary
Joseph V. Lillie, Treasurer
James A. Jefferies, Past President
Witold M. Kinsner, Vice President - Education Activities
José M. F. Moura, President
Toshio Fukuda, President-Elect
Kathleen Kramer, Secretary
Joseph V. Lillie, Treasurer
James A. Jefferies, Past President
Witold M. Kinsner, Vice President - Education Activities
Witold M. Kinsner, Vice President - Education Activities
Toshio Fukuda, President-Elect
Kathleen Kramer, Secretary
Joseph V. Lillie, Treasurer
James A. Jefferies, Past President
The IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society is a society, within the framework of the IEEE, of members with professional
interests in the organization, design, development, integration and operation of complex systems for space, air, ocean, or ground
environments. These systems include, but are not limited to, navigation, avionics, spacecraft, aerospace power, mobile electric
power & electronics, military, law enforcement, radar, sonar, telemetry, defense, transportation, automatic test, simulators, and
command & control. Many members are concerned with the practice of system engineering. All members of the IEEE are eligible
for membership in the Society and receive the Society magazine Systems upon payment of the annual Society membership fee.
The Transactions are unbundled, online only, and available at an additional fee. For information on joining, write to the IEEE at
the address below. Member copies of publications are for personal use only.
ound
, defense, transportation, automatic test, simulators, and
upon payment
The IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society is a society, within the framework of the IEEE, of members with professional
interests in the organization, design, development, integration and operation of complex systems for space, air, ocean, or ground
environments. These systems include, but are not limited to, navigation, avionics, spacecraft, aerospace power, mobile electric
power & electronics, military, law enforcement, radar, sonar, telemetry, defense, transportation, automatic test, simulators, and
command & control. Many members are concerned with the practice of system engineering. All members of the IEEE are eligible
for membership in the Society and receive the Society magazine Systems upon payment of the annual Society membership fee.
The Transactions are unbundled, online only, and available at an additional fee. For information on joining, write to the IEEE at
the address below. Member copies of publications are for personal use only.
Maria Sabrina Greco, VP-Publications, Chair
Peter Willett, Editor-in-Chief, Systems
Maria Sabrina Greco, VP-Publications, Chair
Peter Willett, Editor-in-Chief, Systems
Michael Rice, Editor-in-Chief, Transactions
Jane Buckingham, Administrative EditorJudy Scharmann, Administrative Editor
Michael Rice, Editor-in-Chief, Transactions
Jane Buckingham, Administrative Editor
Michael Rice, Editor-in-Chief, Transactions
Jane Buckingham, Administrative Editor
Michael Rice, Editor-in-Chief, Transactions
Jane Buckingham, Administrative Editor
Hulya Kirkici, Vice President - Publication Services and Products
Francis B. Grosz, JR., Vice President - Member and Geographic Activities
Robert S. Fish, President, IEEE Standards Association
K. J. Ray Liu, Vice President - Technical Activities
Thomas M. Coughlin, President, IEEE-USA
Hulya Kirkici, Vice President - Publication Services and Products
Francis B. Grosz, JR., Vice President - Member and Geographic Activities
Robert S. Fish, President, IEEE Standards Association
K. J. Ray Liu, Vice President - Technical Activities
Thomas M. Coughlin, President, IEEE-USA
Hulya Kirkici, Vice President - Publication Services and Products
Francis B. Grosz, JR., Vice President - Member and Geographic Activities
Robert S. Fish, President, IEEE Standards Association
K. J. Ray Liu, Vice President - Technical Activities
Thomas M. Coughlin, President, IEEE-USA
Lawrence O. Hall, Director & Vice President, Publication Services and Products
Maike Luiken, Director & Vice President, Member and Geographic Activities
James Matthews, Director & President, Standards Association
Roger Fujii, Director & Vice President, Technical Activities
Katherine J. Duncan, Director & President, IEEE-USA
IEEE Publishing OperationsIEEE Publishing Operations
Senior Director: DAWN MELLEY
Director, Editorial Services: KEVIN LISANKIE Director, Production Services: PETER M. TUOHY
Associate Director, Editorial Services: JEFFREY E. CICHOCKI Associate Director, Information Conversion
and Editorial Support: NEELAM KHINVASARA
IEEE Publishing Operations
Senior Director: DAWN MELLEY
Senior Director: DAWN MELLEY
Associate Director, Editorial Services: JEFFREY E. CICHOCKI Associate Director, Information Conversion
and Editorial Support: NEELAM KHINVASARA
Associate Director, Editorial Services: JEFFREY E. CICHOCKI Associate Director, Information Conversion
and Editorial Support: NEELAM KHINVASARA
Director, Editorial Services: KEVIN LISANKIE Director, Production Services: PETER M. TUOHY
Associate Director, Editorial Services: JEFFREY E. CICHOCKI
Director, Editorial Services: KEVIN LISANKIE Director, Production Services: PETER M. TUOHY
Director, Editorial Services: KEVIN LISANKIE Director, Production Services: PETER M. TUOHY
Associate Director, Information Conversion and Editorial Support: NEELAM KHINVASARA
Manager, Journals Production: PATRICK J. KEMPF Journals Production Manager: CATHERINE VAN SCIVER
Managing Editor: CHRISTOPHER PERRY Journals Coordinator: MICHAEL J. HELLRIGEL
Managing Editor: CHRISTOPHER PERRY Journals Coordinator: MICHAEL J. HELLRIGEL
Managing Editor: CHRISTOPHER PERRY Journals Coordinator: MICHAEL J. HELLRIGEL
IEEE AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS MAGAZINE® (ISSN 0885-8985; USPS 212-660) is published monthly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc. Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the IEEE, the Society/Council, or its members. IEEE Corporate Offi ce: Three
Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. IEEE Operations Center: 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141, USA. NJ Telephone:
732-981-0060. Price/Publication Information: Individual copies: IEEE member $20.00 (fi rst copy only), nonmembers $56.00 per copy. (Postage and handling charge
not included.) Member and nonmember subscription prices available upon request. Available in microfi che and microfi lm. Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting
is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons; provided the per copy fee indicated in the code at the
bottom of the fi rst page is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For all other copying, reprint, or republication
permissions, write to the Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Publications Administration, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141.
Copyright © 2019 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing
offi ces. Postmaster: Send address changes to IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141. GST
Registration No. 125634188. CPC Sales Agreement #40013087. Return undeliverable Canada addresses to: Pitney Bowes IMEX, P.O. Box 4332, Stanton Road, Toronto,
ON M5W 3J4, Canada. Printed in the United States of America.
IEEE AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS MAGAZINE® (ISSN 0885-8985; USPS 212-660) is published monthly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc. Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the IEEE, the Society/Council, or its members. IEEE Corporate Offi ce: Three
Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. IEEE Operations Center: 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141, USA. NJ Telephone:
732-981-0060. Price/Publication Information: Individual copies: IEEE member $20.00 (fi rst copy only), nonmembers $56.00 per copy. (Postage and handling charge
not included.) Member and nonmember subscription prices available upon request. Available in microfi che and microfi lm. Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting
is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons; provided the per copy fee indicated in the code at the
bottom of the fi rst page is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For all other copying, reprint, or republication
permissions, write to the Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Publications Administration, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141.
Copyright © 2019 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing
offi ces. Postmaster: Send address changes to IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141. GST
Registration No. 125634188. CPC Sales Agreement #40013087. Return undeliverable Canada addresses to: Pitney Bowes IMEX, P.O. Box 4332, Stanton Road, Toronto,
ON M5W 3J4, Canada. Printed in the United States of America.
IEEE AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS MAGAZINE® (ISSN 0885-8985; USPS 212-660) is published monthly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc. Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the IEEE, the Society/Council, or its members. IEEE Corporate Offi ce: Three
Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA. IEEE Operations Center: 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141, USA. NJ Telephone:
732-981-0060. Price/Publication Information: Individual copies: IEEE member $20.00 (fi rst copy only), nonmembers $56.00 per copy. (Postage and handling charge
not included.) Member and nonmember subscription prices available upon request. Available in microfi che and microfi lm. Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting
is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons; provided the per copy fee indicated in the code at the
bottom of the fi rst page is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For all other copying, reprint, or republication
permissions, write to the Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Publications Administration, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141.
Copyright © 2019 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing
offi ces. Postmaster: Send address changes to IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-4141. GST
Registration No. 125634188. CPC Sales Agreement #40013087. Return undeliverable Canada addresses to: Pitney Bowes IMEX, P.O. Box 4332, Stanton Road, Toronto,
ON M5W 3J4, Canada. Printed in the United States of America.
Ieee AerospAce And electronIc systems mAgAzIne ® (ISSN 0885-8985; USPS 212-660) is published monthly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not upon the IEEE, the Society/Council, or its members. IEEE Corporate Office: Three Park Avenue, 17th
Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA. IEEE Operations Center: 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA. NJ Telephone: 732-981-0060. Price/Publication
Information: To order individual copies for members and nonmembers, please email the IEEE Contact Center at contactcenter@ieee.org. (Note: Postage and handling
charges not included.) Member and nonmember subscription prices available upon request. Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting is permitted with
credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page
is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For all other copying, reprint, or republication permissions, write
to the Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Publications Administration, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Copyright © 2021 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster:
Send address changes to IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. GST Registration No. 125634188.
CPC Sales Agreement #40013087. Return undeliverable Canada addresses to: Pitney Bowes IMEX, P.O. Box 4332, Stanton Road, Toronto, ON M5W 3J4, Canada.
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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - August 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - August 2021