IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - December 2022 - 9

Liu and Durrani
Figure 5.
Optimal deployment results. (a) Optimal trajectories ofUAVs. (b) Optimal total throughput ofUAVs.
Figure 6.
UAV multihop relay model.
angle of the UAV relative to the ground user, denoted
by u. Therefore, the air-to-ground link loss can be
defined as the probability sum of LoS loss and NLoS
loss, denoted by LLoSPðuÞþ LNLoSð1PðuÞÞ.The
UAVs can perform AF or DF cooperative communication.
In the AF mode, the receiving SNR of the destination
user is given by [15]
g ¼
" #1
1
YK
i¼1
1
1 þ
gk
where gk is the receiving SNR of each UAV and K is the
number ofUAV relays. While in the DF mode, the receiving
SNR of the destination user is obtained by g ¼
minfg1; g2; ...; gKg. Then the outage probability of cooperative
communication can be calculated by Prðg <
gminÞ where gmin is the minimum SNR satisfying the communication
requirement.
Assume that the horizontal locations ofK UAV relays
are ðx1;y1Þ, ðx2;y2Þ; ...; ðxK;yKÞ, and the center location
and coverage radius of shadow areas ci are ðxci
ri, respectively. The deployment locations of UAV relays
DECEMBER 2022
;yci Þ and
(2)
should satisfy
dmin <¼
q
q
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðxk xk1Þ2 þðyk yk1Þ2
k ¼ 2; 3; ...;K
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðxk xci Þ2 þðyk yci
Þ2
>¼ ri; 8k; i
(4)
where dmin and dmax are the minimum interference distance
and maximum communication distance between
UAVs, respectively. The UAV relays can hover at these
optimized locations.
In the simulations, the ground users are located in
the area of 3000 m3000 m where there are three
shadow areas, and the maximum transmission distance
of UAV is 800 m. The optimal locations of UAV relays
are shown in Figure 7(a), where the fewest UAVs are
deployed to keep the connectivity and avoid the shadow
areas. The optimal height of UAVs is illustrated in
Figure 7(b). With the increase of the height, the outage
probability first reduces due to the decrease of the
NLoS probability and then rises because of the
increased LoS loss in the air-to-ground link. Therefore,
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
9
<¼ dmax
(3)

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - December 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - December 2022

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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - December 2022 - Cover1
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - December 2022 - Cover2
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