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insect, which has the potential to obtain 3-D head orientation of insect.

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CONCLUSION
Entomological radars have played an important role in
insect migration research since 1960s. Special-purposed
insect radars, including the scanning insect radar and VLR
achieve the retrieval of the insect parameters, such as density, mass, orientation, wingbeat frequency. These parameters are valuable for the trajectory analysis and species
identification of migratory insects. Since the early insect
radar was remodeled by commercial marine noncoherent
radar, noncoherent systems were adopted by subsequent
insect radars. Recently, it has been proved that the coherent and multifrequency techniques can improve the performance of the parameter measurement on orientation,
wingbeat frequency, and mass estimation. With the development of modern radar, some advanced radar techniques
have great potential to be applied to address existing
issues in insect radar and to extend the capability of insect
parameter retrievals. By adopting modern radar techniques, a new insect radar system now is being researched
and developed by the Radar Research Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Technology, which consists of one highresolution-phased array radar and three multifrequency
and fully polarized radars. Therefore, radar entomology
has now entered an exciting phase, in which insect
radars will be fully upgraded based on the modern radar
techniques and lead to a significant promotion of the
discipline.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

[16] V. A. Drake, "Quantitative observation and analysis proce-

This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant 31727901.

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Entomol., CSIRO Australia, Tech. Paper 19, 1981.
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JANUARY 2020

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

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