IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023 - 110

AI for Aerospace and Electronic Systems: Technical Dimensions of Responsible Design
threshold values are prerequisites. At a tactical
level, rule type RoEs should often be translatable.
3) Examples for thresholds mentioned in military
documents are: possible (<30%), likely (30-90%),
and probable (>90%).
4) Provided a legal principle is quantitatively translatable,
a legally compliant implementation can be
achieved through technical system design, supplemented
by sand-boxing, testing, auditing.
5) For developing a comprehensively legally compliant
system, systemic combinability of several individual
solutions must be given, building certain
" boxes " around artificially intelligent automation.
6) A hurdle that cannot be crossed from today's point
of view will remain in the area of decisions on
" proper values, " as a technological solution for support
seem not possible at all.
ENLIGHTENMENT AS THE KEY
Situation pictures that are " fused " from sensor and context
data never amount to an accurate picture of reality. They
are always imperfect, inaccurate, ambiguous, unresolved,
corrupted or deceptive, difficult to formalize, or even contradictory.
Nevertheless probabilistic algorithms, modelbased
or data driven, enable responsible action even on
the basis of imperfect data. Often, reliable situational pictures
can be inferred in a much more precise, complete,
and faster way than humans could ever have hoped to replicate.
Of course, these methods also have their limitations,
and responsible decision makers must be made
aware of them.
Moreover, data integrity is fundamental to any use of
AI: Are valid sensor and context data even available? Are
they produced, distributed, verified, evaluated, labeled (if
possible), and fused reliably? Do the inevitable deficits correspond
to the underlying error models? In " naı¨ve " systems,
violated integrity easily turns data fusion into
confusion and management ofresources into their mismanagement.
Further, algorithms always generate artifacts that
do not exist in reality, or have " blind spots, " i.e., do not
show what is actually there. In the case of cyber attacks,
enemies may take over sensors or subsystems, which then
produce deceptive data or generate unwanted action.
" Mature " AES for defense comprise detection of
such deficits, which is the basis for making them resilient
toward hostile interference. The capability of
" artificial self-criticism " in this sense requires naturally
intelligent critical capabilities on the part of decisionmakers
vis-a-vis. Otherwise, there is a danger of uncritical
acceptance of what is offered, and ultimately a
refusal to actually bear responsibility. Artificially intelligent
AES must, therefore, be technically designed in
110
such a way that they train their users to be vigilant and
convey to them how the machine solutions were created.
AI must not " dumb down " its users.
Only alert natural intelligence (NI) is able to assess
plausibility, develop understanding, and ensure control of
AI offerings. " The uncontrolled pleasure in functioning,
which today is almost synonymous with resignation to
technical automatism, is no less alarming (than the dashing,
pretechnical feudal traditions) because it suggests the
unscrupulous, maximum use of power and force, " von
Baudissin observed in the 1950s [19].
These words ring true not only for the soldierly
ethos. Do not all of us need a new enlightenment for
dealing with AI in a mature, ethical, and naturally intelligent
way, i.e., " man's release from his self-imposed
immaturity " ? " Sapere aude-Have the courage to use
your own intellect! " [20].
REFERENCES
[1] W. von Baudissin, Soldat F€ur Den Frieden. Entw€urfe f€ur
eine Zeitgem€aße Bundeswehr [Soldier for Peace. Drafts
for a Contemporary Bundeswehr].M€unchen, Germany:
Pieper, 1969, Art. no. 205.
[2] W. Koch, " On digital ethics for artificial intelligence and
information fusion in the defense domain, " IEEE Aerosp.
Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 94-111, Jul. 2021,
doi: 10.1109/MAES.2021.3066841.
[3] S. Spiekermann, " What to expect from IEEE 7000: The
first standard for building ethical systems, " IEEE Technol.
Soc. Mag., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 99-100, Sep. 2021.
[4] D.Peters, K. Vold,D.Robinson, andR. A.Calvo, " Responsible
AI-Two frameworks for ethical design
practice, " IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc., vol. 1, no. 1,
pp. 34-47, Mar. 2020.
[5] Koalitionsvertrag 2021 [Coalition agreement 2021], Art. no.
115, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.bundes
regierung.de/resource/blob/974430/1990812/04221173eef9
a6720059cc353d759a2b/2021-12-10-koav2021-data.pdf?
download¼1
[6] Th. Hobbes, The English Works ofThomas Hobbes ofMalmesbury,
vol. 1. London, U.K.: John Bohn, 1839, Art. no. 7.
[7] T. Gutschker, " Europa IST in Gefahr [Europe is in Danger], "
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Nov. 9, 2021.
[Online]. Available: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/
ausland/josep-borrells-neues-konzept-fuer-die-eu-verteidigungspolitik-17627660.html?GEPC¼s3&premium¼0xe
00a4e4d822f8e58092c6c3b569f634c
[8]
Benedict XVI, Address to the German Parliament. Berlin,
Germany: Bundestag. Sep. 22, 2011. [Online]. Available:
https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/geschichte/gastredner/
benedict/speech
[9] Sportpalast Speech ofNazi Propaganda Minister Joseph
Goebbels (1897-1945).Boston, MA,USA:American
Experience, 1943.
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
JANUARY 2023

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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023

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