IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023 - 15

and projection of a historical trend. However, the
development of solid-state physics and circuity have
maintained this capability for not only digital electronics
but microwave monolithic circuits for the past 60
years. These technology advances helped propel new
applications in space and airborne platforms, adaptive
and electronically steered antennas, and high-speed signal
processing [2]. The new systems' capabilities will
be illustrated in the following sections.
SPACE AND AIRBORNE PLATFORMS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) was one of the early
aerospace systems developed to provide the position ofmilitary
sensing platforms and eventually civilian use, over a
high percentage ofthe Earth. The constellation ofGPS satellites,
shown in Figure 1, provides accuracy within 10 m
worldwide [3]. When combined with an onboard inertial
navigation system (INS), the platform has an accurate capability
for position, velocity, orientation, and time. This technology
has enabled sensing platforms to be independent of
expensive and bulky navigation subsystems, which were
originally required on all airborne surveillance platforms.
Satellite sensing includes radars, electro-optical imaging,
communications relays, and direct broadcast signals
for television and entertainment. Based on many significant
advances in sensor components and space qualified
signal processing, a small constellations of satellites can
provide accurate update on earth surface radar imaging.
Similar microsatellites, as illustrated in Figure 2, will provide
wideband datalinks for providing telecommunications
and data links to remote regions [4].
Modern platforms for high altitude long-endurance
(HALE) air vehicles, such as shown in Figure 3, provide a
persistent imaging and communications platform in
remote regions [5]. The evolution of composite materials
and onboard electro-optical and radar sensors provided
long range sensing of Earth surface features using synthetic
aperture radar (SAR), ground moving target indication
(GMTI) modes, and interferometric radar (InSAR)
for terrain height and land use features.
JANUARY 2023
Figure 2.
Nanosatellite bus configuration [4].
AIRBORNE RF SENSORS
Modern radio frequency (RF) subsystems for radar, electronic
support, and communications systems have become
more capable with early technology from coherent solidstate
transmitters and receivers. An important aerospace
Figure 3.
HALE unmanned air vehicle [5].
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
15

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023

Contents
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023 - Cover1
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023 - Cover2
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - January 2023 - Contents
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