IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - July 2021 - 109

Koch
systematically for responsibly using AI in defense
without serious harm for humanity. In particular,
such skills enable military decision makers " to
assess the potential and impact of digital technologies
and to manage and to lead in a digitized environment "
[52, Nr. 209, p. 8]. In particular,
consideration should be given to leadership philosophies
and personality development instruments,
such as Innere F€uhrung as a guiding principle for
the development of ethical competence and to
encourage its systematic development with regard
to AI in defense.
2. In addition to the operational benefit of defense
digitization in closing capability gaps, expanding
the range of capabilities, and developing corresponding
concepts, operational procedures, and
organizational measures, ethical competence in
dealing with digital technologies and their ethical
acceptance need to be achieved. Only then, AI in
defense will become acceptable before the conscience
of the individual soldiers, but also in the
broader view of the Common Good of the society
as such. Success in both aspects will indicate a
real innovation.
3. Digitization projects should be accompanied by
comprehensive analyses of technical controllability
and personal accountability in a publicly visible,
transparent, and verifiable manner. Otherwise, the
paradigm shifts and material efforts associated with
AI and automation would hardly be politically, societally,
and financially enforceable. Of course, there
will be more problematic and less problematic projects,
implying that an exemplary approach would be
appropriate.
4. Although the International Law requires human responsibility,
it defines an " ethical minimum " only. To
achieve progress in the legal development, it seems
promising to consider Corporate Social Responsibility.
The principles anchored in this way aim to create binding
standards for the responsible design and leverage of
cognitive and volitive systems, including the entire supply
chain. Misconduct is to be tangibly sanctioned-
soft law and hard sanctions, ranging from extraordinary
contract termination to contractual penalties. Although
soft law is not enacted by the legislature, it may
become as a source oflegal knowledge.
" We set sail on this new sea because there is new
knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be
won, and they must be won and usedfor theprogress
of all people. For [artificial intelligence],
like nuclear science and technology, has no conscience
ofits own. Whether it will become aforce
for good or ill depends on man, [...] whether
JULY 2021
this new ocean will be a sea ofpeace or a new
terrifying theater ofwar. " [2], [3]
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank two anonymous reviewers
for their insightful suggestions, which have substantially
improved this article. The idea of making these considerations
accessible to an international public emerged during a
dinner conversation on " Cyber Challenges and Digital
Ethics " to which Jill A. Long, Colonel, USAF, and US Air
Attache to Germany had invited him at the US Embassy in
Germany. The considerations also owe a great deal ofthanks
to Dr. Asgar Rieks, Lieutenant General and Deputy Chiefof
Staff of the German Luftwaffe, due to his numerous hints,
exchange ofideas, and personal encouragement. The author
is also grateful for valuable exchange with Dr. Sibylle
Bauer, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SIPRI, Dr. Frank Sauer, Universit€at der Bundeswehr
M€unchen UniBw M, and, especially, with his friend Prof.
Dr. Roy Streit, Metron Inc. / University of MassachusettsDartmouth.
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IEEE
A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
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