IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - July 2021 - 18

Machine Learning Support for Radar-Based Surveillance Systems
Figure 22.
Principle use ofa machine learning classifier.
OBJECT CLASSES AND TYPES
CLASSIFICATIONOFSHIPTYPES
The AIS messages include the type of ship specified,
which can be used very well as a label. Figure 23 shows
the result of a random forest classifier for five different
ship types that was trained on AIS trajectories that were
observed in the German Bight over a time period of three
months [70]. From each trajectory roughly 20 discriminative
features (static and dynamic ones) were manually
extracted to generate feature vectors for the training and
test procedure. In the resulting confusion matrix, it can be
seen that the largest prediction error is due to false
classification of tankers as cargo ships as many tankers are
using the same routes as cargo ships in this area.
Finally, a trained classifier can serve its prediction
results to the real-time data streams of the trajectories.
Typical use cases are, e.g., the detection of spoofing, illegal
fishing, or other anomalies, but they also allow the
classification capabilities for unlabeled, often not cooperating
data sources, like coastal radar networks or GMTI
radar applications [33].
CLASSIFICATIONOFAIRCRAFTTYPES
ADS-B data contain only a few values that can be gathered
from radar data as well. So speed, altitude, and altitude
rate can, therefore, be used for classification in realtime
radar surveillance systems [71].
Figure 24 shows the density distribution between altitude
and speed reported from several different aircraft
over one year. The hotspots on the upper right represents
the area of typical civil flight kinematics: high speed and
high altitude while the hotspots from the lower left more
correspond to operational areas of helicopter and sports
aircraft. However, the areas are obvious and hint to the
Figure 23.
Ship classifier based on ship trajectories.
Figure 24.
Density of the distribution between altitude and speed.
18
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
JULY 2021

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - July 2021

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