IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - July 2022 - 10

I Am Not Afraid of the GPS Jammer: Resilient Navigation Via Signals of Opportunity in GPS-Denied Environments
Table 2.
Jammer Laydown
Site Latitude
(N)
Longitude
(W)
Terrain
height
(ft MSL)
Antenna
height
(ft AGL)
Antenna
azimuth
true
(deg)
Antenna
elevation
(deg)
Antenna
gain (dBi)
EIRP
(dBm)
L1 L2 L1 L2
Hx1 35 040 12:400
118 080 41:8200
Hx2 34 590 43:5200 117 520 42:3500
Hx3 34 590 45:5700 117 510 52:6500
Hx4 35 020 59:5900 118 010 40:8700
Hx5 34 570 29:3500 117 570 31:7800
Hx6 34 570 30:8300 117 540 12:6500
Nx1 34 540 42:4500
117 540 5:500
2769
2313
2289
2528
2429
2441
2309
10
10
10
10
10
10
29
57
15
13
43
24
17
49
15
15
15
15
15
15
-30
24.2 24.5 83.8 84.1 CW,
BBN
24.2 24.5 83.8 84.1 CW,
BBN
24.2 24.5 83.8 84.1 CW,
BBN
24.2 24.5 83.8 84.1 CW,
BBN
24.2 24.5 83.8 84.1 CW,
BBN
24.2 24.5 83.8 84.1 CW,
BBN
14.1 12.9 -12.4 -13.6 CW,
BBN
MSL: Mean sea level; AGL: Above ground level; dBi: Decibel isotropic; dBm: Decibel referenced to 1 mW; EIRP: Equivalent, isotropically
radiated power (EIRP) values accountedfor estimated 1.5 dB line loss between amplifier and antenna; CW: Continuous wave;
BBN: Broad-band noise
Waveform
the
measurement vector z, which is used to estimate
x , xT
hiT
r ;xxT
s;1; .. . ;xxT
hiT
ins;xxT
clk;r
s;M
, where xs;i , rT
hiT
si;xxT
clk;si
2 R5
is the state of the ith SOP. If an INS is used as discussed
in the section " INS Kinematics Formulation, " xr ,
xT
2 R18. If the white noise acceleration model
is used as discussed in the section " Dynamics Model Formulation, "
xr , xT
hiT
pv;xxT
clk;r
2 R8.
GPS-JAMMED ENVIRONMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP
This section overviews the GPS-jammed environment
during DT NAVFEST live GPS jamming at Edwards
AFB, as well as the hardware and software setup.
JAMMING LAYDOWN
From the information made available to the participants,
six high-powered jammers (HPJ) and one portable box
jammer (PBJ) were spread over an area of approximately
50 miles north of Edwards AFB, as shown in Figure 3.
10
SOP LTE ENODEB LAYOUT
An SOP radio mapping campaign with the cognitive SDR
Multichannel Adaptive TRansceiver Information eXtractor
(MATRIX), discussed in the section " MATRIX Cognitive
SDR, " was conducted a month before DT NAVFEST
to survey available LTE eNodeBs in the area. Since
Edwards AFB is largely unpopulated, only two LTE eNodeBs
(SOP 1 and SOP 2) were hearable in the scheduled
jamming area and were located at the same site, as shown
in Figure 4. The eNodeBs were transmitting at high power
to service large macrocells in the sparsely populated area.
The eNodeBs corresponded to two U.S. cellular providers
(Verizon Wireless and T-Mobile), and they were
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
JULY 2022
The term " Hx " denotes an HPJ, one of them seen in
Figure 3, and " Nx " denotes a PBJ. The initial locations
and characteristics of the jammers are summarized in
Table 2. The experiments conducted by the ASPIN team
took place just outside the perimeters of Edwards AFB,
mainly on the 58 Highway pictured in Figure 3 and near
the Mojave Airport.
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - July 2022

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