IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine - June 2020 - 68

Cognitive Radar Target Detection and Tracking With Multifunctional Reconﬁgurable Antennas
Table 2.

Switch Conﬁgurations of the MRA for Given Beam Directions (0 and 1 Correspond to OFF and ON States, Respectively)
Switch number

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

f ¼ 0 ;

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

u ¼ 0



f¼0 ;

u ¼ 30






f¼0 ;

u ¼ À30

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

f ¼ 90 ;

u ¼ 30

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

f ¼ 90 ;

u ¼ À30

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

f ¼ 45 ;

u ¼ 30

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

f ¼ 45 ;

u ¼ À30

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0



f ¼ À45 ;


f ¼ À45 ;

u ¼ 30




u ¼ À30

planes f 2 fÀ45 ; 0 ; 45 ; 90 g are presented. Here,
where u ¼ 0 direction refers to the broadside mode of
operation and the angle axis in Figure 4 refers to the
angle within those planes, measured with respect to the
broadside. Realized gains in all the directions are in the
range of 4-6 dB.

COGNITIVE TRACKING SYSTEM UTILIZING MRA
ARRAYS
The foundation of a cognitive radar system is the perception action cycle depicted in Figure 5. In this system, we
assume that our sensor is a radar observing the scene that
includes the targets and the environment. The radar system has an antenna array of N MRA elements, an MRAA,
where each element can be in one of L different radiation

Figure 4.

Figure 3.
Bottom view showing lower face of the parasitic layer with integrated SMD components.

68

patterns, called modes. The objective of the radar system
is to estimate the target state xk at each time step tk . The
raw data acquired by the MRAA-radar is converted into
information about the scene through calculation of DoA
estimates, which depend on both the observed target states
and MRAA radar parameters, i.e., the MRAA modes. The
distinguishing component of the cognitive radar system is
the controller, which receives information extracted by
the system and based on this information, decides on its
next action, i.e., determines the next set of MRAA modes
to be used by the radar system to observe the scene in the
next processing interval.

Simulated total realized gain plots (in dB) of the MRA at 4.95
GHz in (a) f ¼ 0 (xz) plane. (b) f ¼ 45 plane. (c) f ¼ 90 (yz)
plane. (d) f ¼ À45 plane.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

JUNE 2020

IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine - June 2020

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