IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - June 2021 - 26

An Ontology for Spaceborne Radar Debris Detection and Tracking: Channel-Target Phenomenology and Motion Models
Table 1.
Orbits Associated with Regions Affected by Space Weather [20]
Orbit
LEO Low Inclination
LEO High Inclination
GEO
MEO
GTO
High Apogee Elliptical Orbit
L1, L4, L5 Lagrangian Points
L2
Interplanetary Cruise
Planetary Orbit
Ionosphere
Ionosphere, Auroral Zone
Outer Magnetosphere, Plasmasphere, Magnetosheath
Outer Magnetosphere, Plasmasphere, Magnetosheath
Outer Magnetosphere, Plasmasphere, Ionosphere
All Regions
Solar Wind
Solar Wind, Magnetotail, Magnetosheath
Solar Wind
Planetary Environment
nonhomogeneous physical media (to be referred to as
random media) where the dielectric constant is a random
variable (r.v.), the refraction index may fluctuate,
and the Helmholtz equation is stochastic [24]. In simple
terms, a plasma medium is a gas of charged particles
where the particles do not interact through collisions as
per a neutral gas, but rather via electromagnetic forces.
The presence of external electromagnetic fields can,
thus, influence the motion of these charged particles,
whereas the motion of charged particles can, in turn,
generate currents and, therefore, electromagnetic fields.
From this perspective, a valid description of plasma is
that of a fluid slab of turbulent media made of two particle
species (i.e., a so-called 2-component plasma [25]
comprising electrons e and ions i) and assuming the
oversimplified approximation of rarefaction and thermodynamic
equilibrium. Consequently, it appears worth
pondering following two questions.
When should a radar (either SBR or GBR) consider
signal propagation through slabs ofturbulent plasma?
What kind of effects can occur on signals propagating
through slabs of turbulent plasma?
The answer to the first question relies on the spatial
and temporal extent of the total electron content (TEC) in
the medium [24], as this indicates whether propagation
will be influenced only by free space or also by a plasma
slab (see Figure 4 from an SBR standpoint where plasma
is represented by a green slab filled with electrons).
The answer to the second question pertains to absorption,
refraction, dispersion, carrier offset, Faraday rotation,
as well as amplitude and phase scintillation [22].
These undesired effects may (or may not) be negligible
for a radar (either SBR or GBR) aimed at SSA. The
first step is to verify the condition ofexistence ofpropagation
and highlight whether or not absorption can be
Space Region affected by Space Weather
Figure 4.
Signal propagation in free space (dark space) and plasma (green slab) toward debris clouds (purple chunks).
24
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
JUNE 2021

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - June 2021

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