Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2019 - 64

Energy-Efﬁcient Routing Algorithm Based on Localization and Clustering Techniques for Agricultural Applications
Table 1.

Technical Speciﬁcation of the Used panStamp NRG 2.0
Sensor Node
Parameters
Number of nodes

Values
6

Operating frequency

868 MHz

Data payload size

61 bytes

Required battery
voltage

3V

Rx Current

18 mA

Tx Current

36 mA

Communication
Transmit power level

Figure 7.

120 m outdoor

Localization measurements deviation between real and estimated
measurements.

0 dBm to +12 dBm

Figure 6.
Random distribution of wireless nodes in a 100 m Â 100 m
network.

converge with the real results with a small inclination. The
deviation between real positions and estimated position, as
seen in Figure 7, is approximated by 1.7 m, which is still
reasonable compared to the distances between nodes.
Later the routing algorithm is tested and evaluated,
similarly, in an outdoor environment. Six panStamp sensor nodes were deployed and energy consumption were
evaluated. Deployed nodes have a previous knowledge of
their geographical position retrieved from the localization
algorithm as depicted in Figure 8. Once nodes are
deployed and the network has been established, each node
executes a fuzzy-logic-based algorithm, gathering an output giving its chance to be a CH.
Figure 9 illustrates the energy consumption profile
of the network after 12915 s, approximately 4 h, of
continual operations. Since node 3 is selected as CH, it
consumes more energy than the other two nodes. About
48 J are consumed from node 3, while, only 23 J are consumed from both node 1 and node 2 of ring 1. In the ring
2, node 2 is selected as CH. For thus, it consumes about 1
64

Figure 8.
Cluster formation prototype.

Figure 9.
Received packet at BS during continuous 16 h of measurements.

J more than node 1. After 12 915 s, the total consumed
energy from all nodes is about 78 J, about 0.05% of the
total initial energy.

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

MARCH 2019

Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2019

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