IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2021 - 93

IEEE AES Tutorials

The first part of this tutorial provides details of the
relevant statistical models from the literature which are
typically used to characterize the sea clutter. Using
these models enables us to represent clutter in different
environments that may be difficult to observe in trials
and to predict the performance of radars over a range of
different conditions with more confidence. Future radar
systems may well comprise transmitters and receivers
which are separated by some distance. Analysis of
bistatic sea clutter is therefore covered in the second part
of this paper with a focus on how the statistics vary with
different bistatic angles. The final part then looks at the
application of radar models for clutter simulation and
performance prediction for both coherent and noncoherent detection schemes.

TUTORIAL XIV
Published as Part 2 of IEEE Aerospace & Electronic
Systems Magazine
Volume Thirty Six-Number Three-March 2016

COUNTER-UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM(S) (C-UAS): STATE
OF THE ART, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE TRENDS
JIAN WANG, YONGXIN LIU, HOUBING SONG
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach,
FL, 32114, USA
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), or unmanned aerial
vehicles, often referred to as drones, have been experiencing healthy growth in the United States and around the
world. The positive uses of UAS have the potential to save
lives, increase safety and efficiency, and enable more effective science and engineering research. However, UAS are
subject to threats stemming from increasing reliance on
computer and communication technologies, which place
public safety, national security, and individual privacy at
risk. To promote safe, secure, and privacy-respecting UAS
operations, there is an urgent need for innovative technologies for detecting, tracking, identifying, and mitigating
UAS. A Counter-UAS (C-UAS) system is defined as a system or device capable of lawfully and safely disabling, disrupting, or seizing control of an unmanned aircraft or UAS.
Over the past five years, significant research efforts have
been made to detect, and mitigate UAS: detection technologies are based on acoustic, vision, passive radio frequency,
radar, and data fusion; and mitigation technologies include
physical capture or jamming. In this tutorial, we provide a
comprehensive survey of existing literature in the area of
C-UAS, identify the challenges in countering unauthorized
or unsafe UAS, and evaluate the trends of detection and
mitigation for protecting against UAS-based threats. The
MARCH 2021

objective of this tutorial is to present a systematic introduction of C-UAS technologies, thus, fostering a research
community committed to the safe integration of UAS into
the airspace system.

AUTOMATIC TARGET RECOGNITION ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR IMAGERY: A SURVEY
ODYSSEAS KECHAGIAS-STAMATIS
NABIL AOUF
City University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, U.K.
Automatic target recognition (ATR) for military applications is one of the core processes toward enhancing intelligence and autonomously operating military platforms.
Spurred by this and given that the synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) presents several advantages over its counterpart
data domains, this article surveys and assesses current
SAR ATR algorithms that employ the most popular dataset for the SAR domain, namely the moving and stationary
target acquisition and recognition (MSTAR) dataset. Specifically, we perform a direct comparison between current
SAR ATR methods and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each technique under both standard and
extended operational conditions. Additionally, despite
MSTAR being the standard SAR ATR benchmarking
dataset, we also highlight its weaknesses and suggest
future research directions.

AN INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL QUANTUM KEY
DISTRIBUTION
OMAR AMER
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
VAIBHAV GARG
Comcast Cable, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
WALTER O. KRAWEC
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
Quantum technology, and especially quantum computing,
is advancing rapidly. Our every-day secure communication
infrastructure relies heavily on public key cryptography;
unfortunately, many public key schemes are in fact insecure against quantum algorithms. Furthermore, adversaries
who, today, capture information encrypted using classical
key distribution systems, can wait and, as soon as quantum
computers of sufficient power become available, they may
decipher all previously captured information. While some
new " postquantum " public key systems are assumed to be
secure against quantum computers, this is only an assumption and, even if the assumption remains valid, still results
in systems that are less efficient for end-users than the more
commonly used public key systems employed today. While
the advent of quantum technology may seem detrimental to
security, in fact, one may harness the power of quantum
through quantum key distribution (QKD) for stronger

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2021

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