IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023 - 30

Spaceborne Multibeam Phased Array Antennas for Satellite Communications
Figure 1.
System architecture of a 4 4 Butler-matrix-based MBPAA.
Butler matrix cascaded BFN, with an active array
antenna serving as the on-board payload, and the BFN
is made up of eight 16x16 Butler matrices that are fed
by ten 88 orthogonal Butlermatrices.
Blass matrix [1] is a more adaptable circuit-based
BFN capable ofproducing any number ofbeams. Each
beam, in particular, points to a different location and
even has a distinct pattern shape. A 4 4 Blass-matrixbasedMBPAA,
as showninFigure 2,consistsof four
traveling-wave feedlines connectedtoanother setof
four transmission lines serving as the ULA's inputs for
generating four beams. A directional coupler connects
the two sets oflines, and a lossless phase shifter connects
two consecutive couplers. Besides, Blass matrix is a
lossy network with low efficiency because the two sets
oflines are terminated with matched loads.
2) Phase shifting-based BFN: Phase shifting-based BFN is
a method of adjusting the amplitude and phase of each
beam signal using a phase shifter and an attenuator, as
well as realizing the distribution and synthesis of each
beam signal using a power division and synthesis network
[1]. It is the most popular and widely used multibeamformingmethod
in spaceborne MBPAA.
Phase shifting-based BFN can be divided into two
types, i.e, passive and active. A passive MBPAA is
made up ofNRF channels and an M-element ULA,
as shown in Figure 3(a). The distance between adjacent
elements is denoted by d. Each unit has its own
phase shifter to provide the required phase shift value,
but without any amplify module, which indicates the
passive MBPPA is unable to control the amplitude of
the unit signal. Each RF channel has its own transmitter
and receiver, which regulates the power of the
individual beams. For each RF channel, the energy of
the transmitter is amplified by the power amplifier
(PA), and then distributed to different units through a
certain strategy, while the received signal is uniformly
amplified by the low-noise amplifier (LNA)
and then received by the receiver. With the maturity
ofmicrowave solid-state devices, in particular monolithic
microwave integrated circuit, active MBPAAs
are becoming increasingly popular in satellite communications.
As shown in Figure 3(b), a active
MBPPA is also composed ofN RF channels and an
M-element ULA. In contrast to the passive model,
each unit is separately equipped with a transmit/
receive (T/R) module to provide amplitude control.
Figure 2.
System architecture of a 4 4 Blass-matrix-based MBPAA.
30
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
MARCH 2023

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

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