IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023 - 37

Yu et al.
Figure 10.
S-band transmit antenna installed on the Globalstar-1 satellite. (a) 3D schematic diagram. (b) BFN.
Figure 11.
Globalstar-2. (a) Satellite in orbit diagram. (b) Main mission antenna structure.
most recent of which took place on 31 August, 2022,
launching 46 satellites into LEO, bringing the total number
ofsatellites launched to 3,208.
Each satellite is equipped with four MBPAAs of roughly
the same size. It is likely that one pair of MBPAAs will be
used for Ka-band beams, while another pair will be used for
Ku-band beams. The MBPAA may have used the beam hopping
technique to avoid the need to support full duplex communications,
thereby significantly reducing antenna costs [4].
Each MBPAA is made up ofaround 1,000 radiating units with
irregular element spacing, and, as shown in Figure 15(c),the
antennamost likely employs the " spatial taper " element layout
described in spaceX's patent [18]. It consists of an antenna
array layer, a mapping layer, a multiplexing feed layer, and a
beamforming layer. The beamforming component employs an
8-channel, 8-beammultifunction chip that only contains phase
shifters, reducing chip cost, size, and power consumption. In
this scheme, multiple antenna beams and phase scan functions
are implemented by the multifunction chip, and amplitude
weighting is implemented by the array arrangement.
6) OneWeb Gen 1 (2019-): OneWeb (see Figure 16) [4],
[12], [19] is a new generation of broadband low-orbit small
satellite constellation communication system built by OneWeb
Corporation (USA), with the goal of providing global
access to seamless broadband Internet access. It intends to
launch three generations of constellations, totaling 1980 satellites.
The first-generation constellation Gen 1 uses a nearpolar
orbit configuration, with a total of 882 LEO satellites
launched (648 in orbit, 234 backup), and an orbit altitude of
1200 km.
Each satellite generates 16 Ku-band user beams and
Figure 12.
Transmitting antenna coverage beam split and associated aperture
solution.
MARCH 2023
two Ka-band feeder beams, allowing it to provide continuous
coverage to specific areas on the ground in a flexible
manner. The user link antenna, dubbed the " venetian blind
antenna, " is a passive PAA operating in the Ku-band. It
consists of 16 linear arrays with 32 radiating elements
each. The compact BFN is a power divider/combiner unit
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
37

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

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