IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023 - 39

Yu et al.
Figure 15.
Starlink satellite. (a) Satellite in orbit diagram. (b) Satellite antenna layout. (c) Space-tapered array distribution. (c) Phased array structure.
upstream signals from the 188 units into eight outputs (1
per beam), which are then fed to the satellite repeater. As
shown in Figure 21, the transmit antenna receives eight
inputs (1 per beam) from the satellite repeater, then uses
beam driver amplifiers to provide preamplification and
level settings before distributing the outputs to 312 elements
via split beamformers. The transmit antenna's
amplitude taper is made up of three sizes of SSPAs, with
each radiating element powered by one SSPA. The
tradeoff between aperture performance and required taper
order results in a three-stage taper structure.
3) Spaceway-3 (2007): Spaceway-3 (see Figure 22) [8]
is a broadband multimedia communication geostationary
orbit satellite developed and operated by Hughes Network
Systems. The satellite has a Ka-band passive transmitting
PAA and a double-biased Cassegrain reflector with 112
beams as its receiving antenna. The transmit antenna
made up of 1,500 elements can generate 24 beams at the
Figure 16.
OneWeb Gen 1. (a) Satellite in-orbit flight. (b) User link antenna
pattern. (c) User antenna qualification model.
MARCH 2023
Figure 17.
Chinese latest LEO satellites. (a) Hongyan. (b) Hongyun.
(c) Xingyun. (d) Galaxy Space.
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
39

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

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