Yu et al. Figure 15. Starlink satellite. (a) Satellite in orbit diagram. (b) Satellite antenna layout. (c) Space-tapered array distribution. (c) Phased array structure. upstream signals from the 188 units into eight outputs (1 per beam), which are then fed to the satellite repeater. As shown in Figure 21, the transmit antenna receives eight inputs (1 per beam) from the satellite repeater, then uses beam driver amplifiers to provide preamplification and level settings before distributing the outputs to 312 elements via split beamformers. The transmit antenna's amplitude taper is made up of three sizes of SSPAs, with each radiating element powered by one SSPA. The tradeoff between aperture performance and required taper order results in a three-stage taper structure. 3) Spaceway-3 (2007): Spaceway-3 (see Figure 22) [8] is a broadband multimedia communication geostationary orbit satellite developed and operated by Hughes Network Systems. The satellite has a Ka-band passive transmitting PAA and a double-biased Cassegrain reflector with 112 beams as its receiving antenna. The transmit antenna made up of 1,500 elements can generate 24 beams at the Figure 16. OneWeb Gen 1. (a) Satellite in-orbit flight. (b) User link antenna pattern. (c) User antenna qualification model. MARCH 2023 Figure 17. Chinese latest LEO satellites. (a) Hongyan. (b) Hongyun. (c) Xingyun. (d) Galaxy Space. IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE 39