IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023 - 45

Yu et al.
Table 3.
Next Generation Q/V Band LEO Constellation Planning for Major Aerospace Companies
Name
OneWeb
Orbit
Frequency band
User uplink (GHz)
User downlink (GHz)
LEO-MEO
Q/V
48.2-50.2
40.0-42.0
number of beams increases. As a result, it is difficult to
achieve a greater number of beams in practical engineering.
Multiple chips in the phased feeding module can be
integrated on one or two chips by using low-cost multifunction
chips with higher integration, simplifying the
feeding module structure and lowering the cost of the
phased array. The antenna beamformer on the Starlink satellite
is made up of an 8-channel, 8-beam multifunction
chip that only contains a phase shifter, reducing chip cost,
size, and power consumption [18].
MORE ATTENTION IS PAYING ON THE DBF
TECHNOLOGY
Until now, MBPAAs deployed on communication satellites
have primarily used ABF technology with a maximum
number of beams of 48. Typical examples are the
16-beam L-band transmit and receive PAA developed for
Iridium, the S-band 16-beam transmit PAA and L-band
16-beam receive PAA developed for Globalstar-1, the Xband
8-beam transmit and receive PAA developed for
Boeing
LEO
Q/V
47.2-50.2
50.4-52.4
37.5-42.5
SpaceX
LEO
Q/V
47.2-50.2
37.5-42.5
TeleSat
LEO
Q/V
47.2-50.2
50.4-51.4
37.5-42.0
WGS, and the L-band 48-beam transmit and receive PAA
developed for Iridium-NEXT. Because it requires a power
divider or synthesizer as well as an analog phase shifter at
each radiating unit, forming one beam, ABF technology is
no longer applicable when the number ofbeams to be generated
by the PAA is too large. DBF technology is
regarded as the most flexible beamforming method, with
the main advantage ofproducing a large number ofbeams,
and has sparked considerable interest in the field of satellite
communications. Up to now, DBF technology is
reported to be used in S-band 163-beam transmit and
receive PAA developed for ICO system operating in
MEO. SatixFy has already proposed the Prime, the
world's first commercial DBF ASIC chip capable of
achieving real-time satellite latency in satellite communications
[14]. Furthermore, Oneweb and Telesat [12],
which have worked with SatixFy one after the other, may
integrate DBF technology in subsequent satellite. In addition,
to address the issue of the required number of beams
increasing as the number of users increases, O3b has proposed
the O3b mPOWER constellation, which is capable
of providing a combined throughput of over 1 Tbps via
Figure 31.
Satellite beam hopping system.
MARCH 2023
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
45

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - March 2023

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