IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - May 2020 - 23

Leonardi and Maisano

Figure 6.
Spectrum of received enhanced 1090ES signal to IF at 21.5 MHz. Ten thousand signals are generated with the SDR and injected in the TDR
receiver. The recorded signals are than used to evaluate the reported spectrum.

are shown. It is possible to note that both the spectrum and
the pulse envelope are contained in the frequency and
time masks, proving that it is possible to develop an
enhanced transponder, compliant with the ICAO recommendations, with a simple hardware (in this case, a 10
Msps digital signal processor for the waveform generation
plus a homodyne upconverter).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The starting point of this article was the idea of making room
in the Mode S protocol for the insertion of an authentication
scheme without degrading the channel performance in terms

of total throughput and, at the same time, being compatible
with the present Mode S recommendations.
It was shown that by introducing a phase modulation
on the PPM modulated reply, it is possible to increase the
channel capacity and be backward compatible with the
current protocol. Moreover, the enhanced protocol is interoperable with the present one and a mixed scenario with
old and new transmitter/receiver is possible.
It was also shown that the simple BPSK modulation
can double the number of bits carried by a single reply
maintaining the same performance in term of BER for
PPM and BPSK demodulation, obtaining the same overall
coverage of the present system without the need to add
any receiving stations.

Figure 7.
Example of a recorder Mode S signal. Envelope of an enhanced 1090ES signal.

MAY 2020

IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

23



IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - May 2020

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