IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - May 2021 - 21
Tuukkanen et al.
Table 4.
Number of articles by CCMM levels and by TRLs
CCMM levels by
TRL
TRL
1
TRL
2
CCMM 1
3
2
TRL
3
TRL
4
TRL
5
TRL
6
TRL
7
TRL
8
TRL
9
SUM
5
CCMM 2
0
CCMM 3
1
1
CCMM 4
3
5
5
5
1
CCMM 5
16
60
58
20
1
CCMM 6
5
5
SUM
27
73
1
20
1
156
1
63
26
11
2
1
1
0
0
193
Table 5.
Annual Distribution of Articles by TRLs
Numbers by years to TRL
2013 2014
2015 2016 2017
2018 2019 2020
SUM
TRL 1
5
3
4
2
8
1
4
27
TRL 2
13
9
12
9
8
13
9
73
TRL 3
11
10
9
7
7
3
14
TRL 4
7
1
8
1
1
TRL 5
7
2
3
26
2
TRL 6
1
TRL 7
63
1
1
1
TRL 8
0
TRL 9
0
SUM
36
24
35
18
30
17
31
2
193
Data for year 2020 includes articles published by the time of data collection at the end of the May 2020.
level issues. However, this is not yet evident in military
CR research data.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence seem natural techniques to implement CR, and the interest is on the
rise toward the end of our study epoch. In general, military
CR research seemed sporadic and scattered. Our data suggest that a transition from individual techniques, nodelevel subsystem research in the direction of the CRS systems engineering approach, and system-level studies has
not yet happened, and the overall TRLs remain low.
The authors recognize that coding, as described, may not
be clear-cut and may, at times, be arbitrary. Papers may
address topics that overlap more than one category. Although
every attempt has been made to ensure that our dataset is
comprehensive and representative, we cannot claim that all
papers applicable made their way into our dataset.
MAY 2021
CONCLUDING REMARKS
We collected 193 articles on military CR research from
well-known publishers covering the period of 2013-2020.
Our selection of data sources led our dataset to be dominated by subsystem level, low TRL-types of articles.
Therefore, our data indicate that research on military cognitive radio systems remains at the subsystem (component) level and at low TRLs. Besides one outlier, there is
no indication that anyone has been able to bridge the gap
from TRL 5 to TRL 7. Toward the end of our study epoch,
the increasing interest in machine learning techniques
may eventually lead to a shift in this technology's TRLs
in the coming years. Higher system level or high TRL
related research questions should be addressed by selecting different kinds of data sources and remains a potential
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
21
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