IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - May 2022 - Tutorial XV - 101

IEEE AES Tutorials
expression of the coordinates of a point of the scene in the
reference system of a camera to its expression in the reference
system of another. One of the reasons why errors are
likely to be made in describing the pose is the lack of a
commonly adopted choice for the camera reference system.
To obviate this lack, the manuscript also presents a
recommended definition for it. For the sake of completeness,
the definition includes a second reference system
for identifying points on a camera sensor plane, in order to
permit describing also the projective transformation operated
by the camera during the image formation process.
TUTORIAL XIII
ON COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY REDUCTION METHODS
FOR KALMAN FILTER EXTENSIONS
MATTI RAITOHARJU
Tampere University
Tampere, Finland
Aalto University
Helsinki, Finland
ROBERT PICHE
Tampere University
Tampere, Finland
The Kalman filter and its extensions are used in a vast
number of aerospace and navigation applications for
nonlinear state estimation of time series. In the literature,
different approaches have been proposed to exploit the
structure of the state and measurement models to reduce
the computational demand of the algorithms. In this tutorial,
we survey existing code optimization methods and
present them using unified notation that allows them to be
used with various Kalman filter extensions. We develop
the optimization methods to cover a wider range of models,
show how different structural optimizations can be
combined, and present new applications for the existing
optimizations. Furthermore, we present an example that
shows that the exploitation of the structure of the problem
can lead to improved estimation accuracy while reducing
the computational load. This tutorial is intended for
persons who are familiar with Kalman filtering and want
to get insights for reducing the computational demand
of different Kalman filter extensions.
CONFLICT DETECTION AND RESOLUTION FOR CIVIL AVIATION:
A LITERATURE SURVEY
JUN TANG
College ofSystems Engineering
National University of Defense Technology
Changsha, China
It is evident from the study of literatures that there are
a great many of approaches to the conflict detection and
MAY 2022
resolution (CDR) research for civil aviation. However,
there has been little comparative discussion of them.
This survey contributes to the summarization of the
CDR methods, mainly consisting of the long-term
CDR, the mediumterm CDR, and the short-term CDR
at three different categories, classified on account of the
acting period. Furthermore, several typical characterizations
of the taxonomy have been utilized to articulate
their basic functions: Detection, Resolution, Cooperation,
Maneuvers, Domino effects, Multiple Conflicts,
Uncertainties, State variables, Equipped locations and
methods status. It offers an intuitive and comprehensive
general CDR process, as well as summarizes the various
approaches for collision risk prediction and the different
strategies for conflict resolution at a strategic/tactical/
operational level, thus offering a comprehensive perspective
of the research progresses and directions to
promote the development.
AN OVERVIEW OF RADOMES FOR LARGE GROUND-BASED
ANTENNAS
MICHAEL E. MACDONALD
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Lexington, USA
This tutorial provides an overview of RF-transparent
protective enclosures or " radomes " for ground-based
antennas. In addition to electromagnetic behavior, structural
and environmental considerations are highlighted
which are important in large antenna installations such as
those for satellite communication and deep space radar
applications. Different radome types such as metal space
frame, inflatable, and sandwich are contrasted with
emphasis on the tradeoffs they entail for the antenna
system.
MODELING THE STATISTICS OF MICROWAVE RADAR SEA
CLUTTER
LUKE ROSENBERG
Defence Science and Technology Group
Edinburgh, Australia
SIMON WATTS
University College London
London, United Kingdom
MARIA SABRINA GRECO
University of Pisa
Pisa, Italy
One of the key requirements of a radar system is to
detect targets against the background interference. This
can be a challenging problem in the maritime domain
when the sea moves in a complex manner and the characteristics
are time-varying or nonstationary. Understanding
the characteristics of sea clutter is therefore essential
in developing effective and robust detection schemes.
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
101
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - May 2022 - Tutorial XV

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