IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - May 2022 - Tutorial XV - 88

Detecting a Target With Quantum Entanglement
an SNR corresponding to a nonnegligible detection
probability one would need very unpractically long
pulses. One could hope to fill this huge gap with an
even larger quantum advantage, obtained, for example,
by adding additional entanglement between the M
temporal modes composing the signal and idler pulses.
However, recent works from De Palma and Borregard
[47] and Nair and Gu [48] proved that the
M-modes two-mode squeezed vacuum used in the
Gaussian QI protocol from Tan et al. [11] is essentially
quantum optimal for target detection. Therefore, while
it is clear that one decade of research in this field provided
us with several academically interesting results,
their practical relevance seems to be limited.
Nevertheless, QI represents the first example of an
entanglement-based protocol that provide a quantum
advantage even though the initial entanglement is
completely destroyed by noise and losses in the system. In
other words, we should not dismiss the value of quantum
entanglement even in those adverse environmental conditions
(severe losses and high noise level), which are often
present at microwave frequencies. Moreover, concepts
from QI can be relevant for other fields, for example, the
OPA [12] and the FF-SFG [13] receivers recently found
applications in entanglement-assisted communication
schemes [49], [50], and it is not to exclude that they may
lead to the discovery of new quantum protocols of real
practical utility.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Q. Zhuang, S. Pirandola,
M. Wilde, and R. Settinieri for their critical comments
which significantly contributed to improve our review.
They also thank S. Guha and B. Huard for enjoyable and
informative discussions.
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