IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine - November 2020 - 51
Lanzagorta and Uhlmann
Figure 12.
Additive noise sources affecting the photodetector [56].
detect photons based on the thermal background because
virtually all signal photons will be lost. This means that
the surveillance volume must be determined based on a
chosen SNR threshold. Figure 14 reveals that solar background radiation dominates other sources in the regime of
practical detection capability, which should not be
surprising.
Clearly there are myriad important practical factors
that will significantly impact any performance comparison
of future real-world implementations of a quantum radar
to its classical alternatives beyond what could be incorporated into our analysis. However, we can examine some
of our simplifying assumptions, e.g., ignoring of the contribution dark counts and shot noise in our assumed number of noise photons Nb . Because the dark count
contribution can be expected to be very small in our example scenarios (target ranges less than 100 km), we can
effectively model the joint contribution of dark count and
shot noise as
Nb À!Nb þ Ns MeÀxr :
(52)
Figure 15 shows the detection error probability bounds
using this more complete noise model Pqf compared to
pure solar background noise Pqb as a function of target distance r (in km). It can be observed that the higher fidelity
model implies significantly worse detection error
Figure 13.
SNR (dB) as a function of target distance r (in km).
NOVEMBER 2020
probabilities in the regime of high SNR when the target
range r is small because shot noise becomes increasing
dominant. The impact of the higher fidelity noise model
(i.e., with Nb % Nb þ Ns MeÀxr ) on the relative advantage
in detection error probability of quantum (Pqf ) over classical (Plf ) is shown in Figure 16. It can be seen that the
breakthrough threshold of 0.4 is reduced to 47 km for
quantum and 26 km for classical, but the quantum advantage in range improves from 15 to 21 km compared to our
simplified background-only model.
CHALLENGES AHEAD
In summary, our analysis-despite its many assumptions
and limitations-presents a compelling case for undertaking the substantial scientific and engineering efforts necessary to determine the extent to which the theoretical
quantum advantage can be realized in real-world systems.
These include:
Entangled Microwave Photon Generation: By far
the most critical challenge is the fast and efficient
generation of entangled photons in microwave frequencies. As we have shown based on purely theoretical considerations, a signal package with more
Figure 14.
Values of Ns (solid line), Nb (dashed line), and Ndc (dotted line)
as a function of target distance r (in km).
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
51
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine - November 2020
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