IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2021 - 25
Hennessy et al.
Table 1.
Detected Objects and the Detection's Respective Ranges. Eccentricity
Values Taken From Truth Data
NORAD Name TX range RX range Eccentricity
12155
SL-3 R/B
746 km 661 km 0.0030
17295 COSMOS 1812 630 km 624 km 0.0005
20303 DELTA 2 R/B 556 km 743 km 0.0098
26375 PEGASUS R/B 675 km 549 km 0.0679
34839 YAOGAN 6 596 km 548 km 0.0027
35867
36119
43520
FREGAT/IRIS 566 km 426 km 0.0006
WISE
CZ-2 C DEB 698 km 495 km 0.0007
686 km 587 km 0.0001
cutoff being sufficiently high to mitigate any false
detections.
Figure 7 shows the detection results from processing
the data spanning eight minutes and ten seconds. All of
the detections correspond with known targets, which
have been manually associated. The detections occur
over a wide area of the sky. The detections all occur at
significant elevation angles from the transmitter, with
the lowest transmitter-target elevation being 30;all targets
would certainly be outside the transmitter's main
lobe [31]. The figure lists the Satellite Catalog Numbers,
also known as the NORAD numbers, associated
with the detections.
Table 1 lists the detected objects. Although all the
objects are classified as large4 by the USSPACECOM [32],
the objects are considerably smaller than any previously
detected by the MWA.
The smallest objects in Table 1 are likely to be the
Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Pegasus
XL rocket body (R/B),5 NORAD numbers 36119 and
26375, respectively. Both objects have dimensions less
than one wavelength, with the Pegasus XL Rocket Body
being an Orion-38 rocket stage with length 1.3 m and
diameter 0.97 m. At FM radio frequencies, the RCS of
such an object would be close to 1 m2. Detections of
objects this small are consistent with earlier performance
predictions [3].
4That is, objects with an RCS greater than or equal to 1 m2, although
this would almost certainly be for a higher frequency than that is
beingusedhere.
5The debris object, with NORAD 43520, would possibly be smaller,
but its dimensions are unknown.
OCTOBER 2021
INITIAL ORBIT DETERMINATION EXAMPLE
Because of the constraints applied to the search, particularly
matching objects at closest approach, the detections
span very short arcs. This is illustrated in Figure 7. This
poses a potential problem as only minimal numbers of
detections will be available to form a best-estimate of the
orbit for follow-on tracking.
Figure 8 shows the SNR of detections from both the
uncued search as well as using a priori data for tracking.
Figure 7.
Detections from the surveillance stares, overlaid on the track data.
Each detection has been associated with a NORAD (or Satellite
Catalog) Number.
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
25
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2021
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