IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2022 - 8

Assessment of Cellular Signals of Opportunity for High-Altitude Aircraft Navigation
Figure 4.
Regions A, B, and C in which the flight campaigns took place. The yellow pins represent 3G and 4G cellular towers that were mapped and
analyzed in this study. The right figures show the aircraft trajectory in all regions (shown in red). Geographic points ofinterest in each region,
shown in green crosses, were chosen according to the designed trajectories.
Figure 5.
Maneuvers performed by the C-12 aircraft. The altitude step is denoted by Dh and u denotes the elevation angle.
the synchronization sequences contained therein, such as
the pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence in 3G CDMA and
the primary synchronization signal and secondary synchronization
signal in 4G LTE. The pseudorange observable
is the delay of the autocorrelation peak, expressed in
meters. The pseudorange is typically acquired through an
exhaustive search over code phase shifts and Doppler frequencies
then tracked with delay-locked loops (DLLs).
Generally, the variance of the pseudorange error in a DLL
is inversely proportional to the CNR. Roughly, the CNR
must be above 20 dB-Hz for robust acquisition and tracking.
High sensitivity receivers can acquire and track lower
CNR signals, which is the subject of active research. The
CNR can be calculated according to [41]
CNR ¼
C
N0
C
¼
s2
noiseT
(1)
where C is the carrier power in Watts (W), N0 is the noise
power spectral density in W/Hz, which can be expressed as
N0 ¼ s2
noiseT,where s2
noise is the discretized noise variance
and T is the accumulation period, or the period over
which correlation in the DLL is performed. A cellular SOP
receiver estimates s2
noise by calculating the average power
of the autocorrelation function of the received signal with a
" fictitious " sequence that has similar properties as the transmitted
sequences (e.g., a PN sequence that is not transmitted
by any transmitter). The carrier powerC is estimated by subtracting
the noise variance from the peak power. The mapping
between the CNR and the pseudorange error variance
expressed in m2 for a 3G cellular SOP receiver using a firstorder
DLL with a coherent discriminator is given by [38]
s2
3G ¼ c2
Bn;DLLqtemlðÞ
21 2Bn;DLLT CNR
8
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
OCTOBER 2022
(2)

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2022

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