IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 15

Soldi et al.
Figure 4.
Nord Stream use case. (a) Sentinel-1 SAR image acquired over the Baltic Sea some days before the explosions. Colored solid lines are
vessels' trajectories obtained by interpolating the AIS positions provided by the vessels themselves. Circles are ships as detected within the
SAR image: the color of the circle identifies the detection as coming from a vessel whose AIS trajectory has the same color; a white circle
indicates that the detection is not associated with any AIS trajectory. Panels (b) and (c) present two details of the full SAR image showing
examples of associated detections and not-associated detections, respectively. Here, the crosses depict AIS reported positions, and the stars
are the interpolated positions of the vessels at the time of the image acquisition.
hours) in the AIS data before and after the acquisition of the
SAR image. On one hand, this could suggest that the detected
object and the AIS trajectory depicted in Figure 4(c) do refer
to the same vessel; on the other hand, the gap in the AIS data
and the detection ofthe ship in a position that deviates from a
OCTOBER 2023
linear path, might be an indication ofan anomalous behavior.
In this context, automatic anomaly detection techniques, as
the ones described in the " Anomaly detection " section relying
upon the available measurements-i.e., AIS data before
and after the acquisition of the SAR image, as well as the
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
15

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023

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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - Cover1
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