IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 5

Image provided by the authors and made available under the standard license of Shutterstock.
(TAP) in the Adriatic Sea. Therefore, the protection and
surveillance of CUIs are crucial elements that will be
included in any future maritime strategy.
Sabotage ofCUIs can occur through the use of surface
assets such as warships or commercial vessels, or by underwater
assets, as shown in Figure 2. In the former case, multiple
above-water heterogeneous systems and sensors, e.g.,
automatic identification system (AIS), satellite sensors [4],
and terrestrial radars, may have a crucial role to provide a
seamless large-scale maritime surveillance (MS), even in
Figure 1.
Nord Stream leak as captured by Pl
eiades Neo (ESA ß Pl
eiades
Neo). The diameter of the leak is estimated in 0.5-0.7 km [2].
OCTOBER 2023
remote areas of the world. In the latter case, underwater
sensors (such as active/passive sonars and cameras)
installed on the CUIs [5], or equipped on unmanned underwater
vehicles (UUVs) [6], would complement MS by providing
undersea monitoring capabilities. Besides sensory
data, the analysis of contextual information, such as
bathymetry, weather data, human intelligence (HUMINT),
and open source intelligence (OSINT), is of paramount
importance. More in general, the joint use of underwater
and above-water heterogeneous sensors, together with contextual
and intelligence information is a key concept for
the transition toward a seabed-to-space situational awareness
(S3A). Given the scale of the problem and the large
amount of data to be processed, achieving S3A related to
the monitoring ofCUIs can be done by using advanced artificial
intelligence (AI) and information fusion (IF) techniques.
These techniques allow for the integration of vast
amounts ofinformation from various sources and monitoring
a large number of assets on a daily basis. Examples of
such techniques include Bayesian multitarget tracking
(MTT) techniques [7], [8], [9], multireasoning systems
based on the Dempster-Shafer theory [10], and anomaly
detection techniques. These enable the fusion of diverse
information at multiple levels. The knowledge gained from
these techniques, once extracted and made easily understandable,
can provide end users, such as government
authorities, defense forces, coast guards, and police, not
only with a better understanding of the entities and actors
involved in a specific event, such as the Nord Stream incident,
their relations, and the potential consequences of
these relations, but also with an effective tool to anticipate
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
5

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023

Contents
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - Cover1
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - Cover2
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - Contents
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 2
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 3
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 4
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 5
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 6
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 7
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 8
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 9
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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - 11
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IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - Cover3
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - October 2023 - Cover4
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_august2023
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_december2022
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_may2022_tutorial
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_november2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_october2021
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_november2020
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_december2019
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_november2019
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_may2019
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_august2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_october2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/aerospace_november2018
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