IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2021 - 17
Soldi et al.
Table 3.
List of Current/Future Spaceborne SAR Missions
Mission
Country
(Organization)
Launch
year
Band Incidence
angle
TerraSAR-X Germany (DLR) 2007 X 15-60
Italy (ASI)
COSMOSkyMed
RADARSAT-2
Sentinel-1
Gaofen-3
SAOCOM
NovaSAR-1
COSMOSkyMed
2
NISAR
Biomass
2007 X 20-59
Canada (CSA) 2007 C 20-49
Europe (ESA)
China (CNSA) 2016 C
Argentina
(CONAE) - Italy
(ASI)
U.K. (UKSA)
Italy (ASI)
USA (NASA) -
India (ISRO)
Europe (ESA)
* Single (S), Dual (D), Tri (T), Quad (Q).
wider portion of the VIS spectrum and, therefore, exhibiting
higher spatial resolution than RGB channels; an ultrablue
channel (0:400:45 mm), also referred to as coastal/
aerosol band, which is mainly exploited for analyzing
shallow water composition and essaying atmospheric particles,
like dust and smoke; one or multiple channels measuring
VNIR, which provide useful information about
plant health and is, therefore, mainly used for studying
vegetated areas, e.g., through the normalized difference
vegetation index; and some bands covering portions of
SWIR suited to such geological applications rock- and
soil-typing. MWIR bands are rarely exploited.
Finally, LWIR bands are exploited in some missions
(e.g., Landsat) to measure Earth's surface temperature.
Despite the large number of bands available in MSP data,
MS applications, e.g., ship detection/tracking, target identification,
oil spill detection, make typically use of either
RGB [46]-[49] or PAN [50]-[57] images. Thanks to its
higher spatial resolution, PAN data allow for detection of
smaller targets compared to RGB channels, which, conversely,
are more suited for target classification purposes,
owing to the more refined spectral information. However,
detection of small ship targets (in the order of meters) is
still challenging and, therefore, finer spatial details are
2014 C 29-46
1060
2018 L 20-50
2018 S 15-73
2019 X 20-59
2022 L, S 33-47
2022 P 29-46
Altitude
[km]
514
620
798
693
755
620
580
620
747
660
Polarization
Spatial
resolution
[m]
S, D, Q
S, D
S, D, Q
S, D
S, D, Q
S, D, Q
S, D, T
S, D, Q
S, D, Q
Q
1
1
3
5
1
10
6
0.35
3
50
Figure 10.
Optical spectrum with different bands indicated. The following acronyms are used: near-ultraviolet (NUV), visible (VIS), near-infrared
(NIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), midwave infrared (MWIR), longwave infrared (LWIR), VIS and NIR (VNIR), and infrared (IR).
SEPTEMBER 2021
IEEE A&E SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
17
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2021
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