IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2022 - 30

An Experimental Analysis of Cyclic and Reference Signals of 4G LTE for TOA Estimation and Positioning in Mobile...
Figure 14.
CRS correlation (prompt correlator) in open loop. (a) Complex CRS correlation peaks. (b) Unwrapped phase ofCRS correlation. (c) FFT of
complex CRS correlations. (d) FFO estimates.
Figure 15.
Different TOA errors where " peak-picking " CRS correlations are prone to outliers due to fading and NLOS signals. (a) TOA from CRS at
1539. (b) TOA from CRS at 112,558. (c) TOA from CRS at 292,718. (d) TOA from CRS at 295,771. (e) CRS correlations at 1539. (f) CRS
correlation at 112,558. (g) CRS correlation at 292,718. (h) CRS correlation at 295,771.
trend but with a small bias of45 Hz and they are also consistent
with the FFT estimate in Figure 14(c). Finally, the undulation
or spread ofI-Q in Figure 14(a) is a symptom ofcarrier
multipath and/or ICI due to the frequency errors that have
not been compensated for yet and can be estimated and
then removed.
EFFECT OF MULTIPATH AND ANTENNA PORTS
ON TOA ESTIMATION
Peak-Picking versus First Arrival for TOA Estimation.
Similar to the pseudoranges derived from the TOA estimates
ofSSS for subframes 0 and 5 on a frame basis (at 100 Hz) of
a detected cell, as shown in Figure 8(c) and (e), respectively,
the pseudoranges from the TOA estimates from the four CRS
sequences for AP 0 and 1 at OFDM symbols 0 and 4 on a slot
basis (at 2000 Hz) are shown in Figure 15, which show typical
error patterns for the TOA estimation scheme based on

IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2022

Contents
IEEE - Aerospace and Electronic Systems - September 2022 - Cover1
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