The Bridge - February 2018 - 28

Feature
As we have discussed, quantum key distribution
(QKD) promises a theoretically unbreakable
cryptosystem by employing the probabilistic nature
of quantum measurement over mutually unbiased
bases. In ideal conditions the security of QKD is
guaranteed, even against quantum computers.
Thus, QKD is one possible replacement for classical
cryptosystems threatened by quantum computing.
However, we have also seen how non-ideal physical
implementations of QKD systems render them
vulnerable to various attacks that weaken their
security, such as side channel attacks. We have
considered the avalanche photodiode backflash side
channel attack as an example. The results of the
authors' experiment investigating this attack indicate
that, if not properly addressed, QKD security could
be compromised.

REFERENCES
[1] N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, "Quantum cryptography,"
Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145-195 (2002).
[2] G. Brassard, N. Lu¨tkenhaus, T. Mor, and B. C. Sanders, "Limitations on
practical quantum cryptography," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(6), 1330-1333
(2000).
[3] I. Gerhardt, Q. Liu, A. Lamas-Linares, J. Skaar, C. Kurtsiefer, and V.
Makarov, "Full field implementation of a perfect eavesdropper on a
quantum cryptography system," Nat. Commun. 2(1), 349 (2011).
[4] A. Spinelli and A. L. Lacaita, "Physics and numerical simulation of single
photon avalanche diodes," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
44(11), 1931-1943 (1997).
[5] F. Acerbi, A. Tosi and F. Zappa, "Avalanche Current Waveform Estimated
From Electroluminescence in InGaAs/InP SPADs," IEEE Photonics
Technology Letters 25(18), 1778-1780 (2013).
[6] C. Kurtsiefer, P. Zarda, S. Mayer, and H. Weinfurter, "The breakdown
flash of silicon avalanche photodiodes-back door for eavesdropper
attacks?" J. Mod. Opt. 48(13), 2039-2047 (2001).
[7] A. Meda, I. P. Degiovanni, A. Tosi, Z. Yuan, G. Brida, and M. Genovese,
"Quantifying backflash radiation to prevent zero-error attacks in
quantum key distribution," Light: Science and Applications
6(6), (2017).
[8] R. H. Hadfield, "Single-photon detectors for optical quantum
information applications," Nat. Photon. 3(12), 696-705 (2009).
[9] J. Katz and Y. Lindell, Introduction to Modern Cryptography, CRC
Press, (2008).
[10] C.K. Shannon, "Communication theory of secrecy systems," The Bell
System Technical Journal 28(4), 656-715 (1949).
[11] R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, "A Method for Obtaining

THE BRIDGE

Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems," Commun. ACM
21(2), 120-126 (1978).
[12] N. D. Mermin, Quantum Computer Science: An Introduction,
Cambridge University Press (2007).
[13] A. Ekert and R. Jozsa, "Quantum computation and Shor's factoring
algorithm," Rev. Mod. Phys. 68(3), 733-753 (1996).
[14] P. W. Shor, "Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms
and factoring," Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations
of Computer Science, 124-134 (1994).
[15] T.D. Ladd and F. Jelezko and R. Laflamme and Y. Nakamura and C.
Monroe and J. L. O/'Brien, "Quantum computers," Nat. 464(7285),
45-53 (2010).
[16] C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, "Quantum cryptography: Public key
distribution and coin tossing," Proceedings of IEEE International
Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Dec.,
175-179 (1984).
[17] W. K. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, "A single quantum cannot be cloned,"
Nat. 299(5886), 802-803 (1982).
[18] A. Houck, "ELE 368: Introduction to Quantum Computing, Lecture on
Quantum Key Distribution."
[19] A. K. Ekert, "Quantum cryptography based on Bell's theorem," Phys.
Rev. Lett. 67(6), 661-663 (1991).
[20] R. Ursin and F. Tiefenbacher and T. Schmitt-Manderbach and H.
Weier and T. Scheidl and M. Lindenthal and B. Blauensteiner and
T. Jennewein and J. Perdigues and P. Trojek and B. Omer and M.
Furst and M. Meyenburg and J. Rarity and Z. Sodnik and C. Barbieri
and H. Weinfurter and A. Zeilinger, "Entanglement-based quantum
communication over 144 km," Nat. Phys. 3(7), 481-486 (2007).
[21] E. Gibney, "Chinese satellite is one giant step for the quantum
internet," Nat. News, Aug. (2016).
[22] H. Lo and M. Curty and K. Tamaki, "Secure quantum key distribution,"
Nat. Photon 8(8), 595-604 (2014).
[23] D. Stucki and M. Legr and F. Buntschu and B. Clausen and N.
Felber and N. Gisin and L. Henzen and P. Junod and G. Litzistorf
and P. Monbaron and L. Monat and J. B. Page and D. Perroud and
G. Ribordy and A. Rochas and S. Robyr and J. Tavares and R. Thew
and P. Trinkler and S. Ventura and R. Voirol and N. Walenta and H.
Zbinden, "Long-term performance of the SwissQuantum quantum
key distribution network in a field environment," New Journal of
Physics 13(12) (2011).
[24] R. Newman, "Visible Light from a Silicon p-n Junction," Phys. Rev.
100(2), 700-703 (1955).
[25] S. Villa and A. L. Lacaita and A. Pacelli, "Photon emission from hot
electrons in silicon," Phys. Rev. B 52(15) 10993-10999 (1995).



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of The Bridge - February 2018

Contents
The Bridge - February 2018 - Cover1
The Bridge - February 2018 - Cover2
The Bridge - February 2018 - Contents
The Bridge - February 2018 - 4
The Bridge - February 2018 - 5
The Bridge - February 2018 - 6
The Bridge - February 2018 - 7
The Bridge - February 2018 - 8
The Bridge - February 2018 - 9
The Bridge - February 2018 - 10
The Bridge - February 2018 - 11
The Bridge - February 2018 - 12
The Bridge - February 2018 - 13
The Bridge - February 2018 - 14
The Bridge - February 2018 - 15
The Bridge - February 2018 - 16
The Bridge - February 2018 - 17
The Bridge - February 2018 - 18
The Bridge - February 2018 - 19
The Bridge - February 2018 - 20
The Bridge - February 2018 - 21
The Bridge - February 2018 - 22
The Bridge - February 2018 - 23
The Bridge - February 2018 - 24
The Bridge - February 2018 - 25
The Bridge - February 2018 - 26
The Bridge - February 2018 - 27
The Bridge - February 2018 - 28
The Bridge - February 2018 - 29
The Bridge - February 2018 - 30
The Bridge - February 2018 - 31
The Bridge - February 2018 - 32
The Bridge - February 2018 - 33
The Bridge - February 2018 - 34
The Bridge - February 2018 - 35
The Bridge - February 2018 - 36
The Bridge - February 2018 - 37
The Bridge - February 2018 - 38
The Bridge - February 2018 - 39
The Bridge - February 2018 - 40
The Bridge - February 2018 - 41
The Bridge - February 2018 - 42
The Bridge - February 2018 - 43
The Bridge - February 2018 - 44
The Bridge - February 2018 - 45
The Bridge - February 2018 - 46
The Bridge - February 2018 - 47
The Bridge - February 2018 - 48
The Bridge - February 2018 - 49
The Bridge - February 2018 - 50
The Bridge - February 2018 - 51
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue3_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue2_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue1_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue3_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue2_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue1_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue3_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue2_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_issue1_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2020_issue3
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2020_issue2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2020_issue1
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2019_issue3
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2019_issue2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2019_issue1
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2018_issue3
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2018_issue2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/bridge_2018_issue1
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com