IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q2 2019 - 52

multiplexing are not as prominent as in MBB case. According to Section 3 and corresponding analysis, it is mainly
caused by smaller target SINR relaxation by reducing U.
In fact, SA requires to use higher transmit power and thus
DC power of PA. Secondly, large array size N is required
for power efficient system. Overall, system requires more
hardware and power consumption than in Dense Urban
MBB and it implies the intrinsic disadvantage of mmW to
provide ubiquitous connection even in small cell size. At
last, DA remains the most efficient architecture while the
best design of hybrid architecture requires nearly 50%
more power. This is a surprising result. One may expects
that hybrid architecture outperforms DA when system is

Digital-Array

180

140

U=8
Streams

U = 16
Streams

U = 32
Streams

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Sub-Array

180
160
Power Consumption (W)

Power Consumption (W)

160

optimized for beamforming rather than multiplexing
in this NLOS environment. With U = 2, we do observe
comparable power consumption. However, DA further
reduces its power by levering on increasing U with negligible additional processing power consumption. Hybrid
architectures either require higher transmit power, e.g.,
SA, or excessive processing power, e.g., FH, to increase U.
The only use case in our survey that hybrid architectures outperform DA is Self-backhauling where multiplexing level is limited due to point-to-point communication environment of LOS channel. In Figure 10, the DA
requires 18% more power as compared to hybrid architectures. This small power margin is due to the fact that

U=8
Streams

U = 16
Streams

U = 32
Streams

140
120
100
80
60
40
20

128 192 256
32 64 128
32 64 128
Number of Array Elements
(a)
180

Power Consumption (W)

160
140

0

512 768 1,024 256 512 768 1,024
Number of Array Elements
(b)

256 512

Fully Connected Hybrid Array
U=8
Streams

U = 16
Streams

U = 32
Streams

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

BB Precoding

64 128 192
32 64 128
Number of Array Elements
(c)
SerDes

DAC

Mixer

VCO

32 64

PS

RF Amp

PA

Figure 9. total power consumption for three architectures operating in the Dense urban mBB use case. For each array architecture with varying array size, other design parameters are chosen according the analysis in section iii and 58.8 bps/hz se target
demands are guaranteed in the corresponding Los environment listed in table ii.
52

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IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q2 2019

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